Lipids

Lipids
are composed of C, H and O; but O amount is smaller than that of carbohydrates and proteins.

are secondary energy source in a body. But they give the highest energy. (approximately; two times grater than that of proteins and carbohydrates)

Carbohydrates > Lipids > Proteins

4,2 kcal. 9,5 kcal. 4,3 kcal.

are insoluble in water.

are poor conductors of heat

are generally triglycerides. Lipids are soluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether and in acetone. But they are insoluble in water..

Functions of Lipids

Lipids / (functions)
1) Lipids are used as storage molecules
Ex 1: Immigrant birds store lipids in order to use them during their long journey.

Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana)

[Also known as the eastern white stork, this avian giant stands a little over 1 meter (over 3.3 feet) tall and can fly as fast as 77 kilometers per hour (48 miles per hour) during migration]

Lipids / (functions)
1) Lipids are used as storage molecules
Ex 2: Animals like bears that hibernate store lipids by eating a lot during summer. Lipids are used during hibernation.

Ursus arctos (brown bear, grizzly)

Lipids / (functions)
1) Lipids are used as storage molecules
Ex 3: In human, lipids are stored under the skin in adipose tissue.

Adipose tissue
Structure of the Skin Human skin has three layers. The epidermis forms the outer, protective layer. The dermis contains hair roots, sweat and oil glands, nerves, and blood vessels. The fat layer attaches the skin to internal organs.

Lipids / (functions)
2) Lipids protect the organisms from temperature changes
Ex: Animals like whales, seals and sea lions generally live in cold oceans. They do not have fur or dense hair on their skin. Thick lipid layer under their skin protects them from cold.

Workers on a modern Japanese whaling ship prepare to dismember the skin of a sperm whale.

Lipids / (functions)

Layer of Insulation

A layer of fatty tissue called blubber, sometimes as thick as 50 cm, lies just under the inner layer of skin. Connective tissue separates blubber from muscle underneath. Blubber is processed into oil and burned in lamps, used in paints, soaps, cosmetics, and other products.

Lipids / (functions)
3) Lipids protect some vital organs from physical effects

Ex: Organs that are present in the abdominal cavity like kidneys are protected by a thick lipid layer.

Lipids / (functions)
4) Since some vitamins dissolve in lipids they are good sources of vitamin
Ex: Vitamin A ... and vitamin D

The body obtains vitamin A in two ways. One is by manufacturing it from carotene, a vitamin precursor found in carrots, broccoli, squash, spinach, and sweet potatoes. The other is by absorbing ready-made vitamin A from planteating organisms. In animal form, vitamin A is found in milk, butter, cheese, egg yolk, liver, and fish-liver oil.

Insufficient vitamin D in a diet can result in a disease called as rickets.

Lipids / (functions)

Excess amount of food is stored in the form of lipid in the body.

Structure of Lipids

Lipids / (Structure)
are composed of glycerol and fatty acids
O H H O C H

C C C

O O O

H H

C
H

C
H

H H

X times

Glycerol

Fatty acid

Lipids / (Structure)

In a different way, the structures of glycerol and fatty acid can be shown as below; CH2 CH CH2 OH OH OH HOOC HOOC HOOC (CH2)x (CH2)x CH3 CH3 CH3

(CH2)x

Glycerol

3 Fatty acids

Lipids / (Structure)
In a fatty acid if X is 4 than
HOOC

(CH2)4

CH3

HOOC (CH2) (CH2) (CH2) (CH2) CH3

or O H H H C C H H H C H H C H

H O C

C
H

Carboxyl Group

Hydrocarbon Chain

Lipids / (Structure)

A lipid molecule is formed from

process named as esterification.

1 glycerol unit and 3 fatty acid units.

These 4 units attach each other by a Between glycerol and fatty acids ester
bonds are formed. From each bond 1 H2O molecule is released.

Lipids / (Structure)
ESTERIFICATION:
H
H H

C
C C Glycerol

O
O O

H
H
Ester Bond

2 more ester bonds are formed between the same glycerol unit and 2 more fatty acids.

O H H C H H O C C

H H Fatty acid
Water

Lipids / (Structure)
A lipid molecule (triglyceride): O
CH2 Glycerol CH O O O C Fatty acid (CH2)x CH3 Fatty acid (CH2)x CH3

O
C

O
C

CH2

Fatty acid (CH2)x CH3

Ester bond

Lipids / (Structure)

Lipids are classified in 2 groups

a) Saturated lipids b) Unsaturated lipids

according to their bond structure;

Saturated lipids have 1 bond between

each C couple.

Unsaturated lipids may have whether

double or triple bonds between C couples

Lipids / (Structure)
O H H O C C H H H H H H C H H

C
H

C
H

C
H

C
H

Saturated fatty acid

O H H O C C H H H H C H H

C
H

C
H

C
H

C
H

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Lipids / (Structure)
O H H O C C H H H H C H H

C
H

C
H

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

O H H O C C H H H C H H

C
H

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Lipids / (Structure)

Saturated lipids are solid and best

examples are lard and butter

Lard is a pig product

Butter is a cow product

Lipids / (Structure)

Unsaturated lipids are liquid and best

examples are olive oil and sunflower oil.

Sunflower

Olive tree

When oils are saturated with H artificially

they become margarine.

Lipids / (Structure)

Types of lipids:

GRAMS OF FATTY ACIDS/100g

Saturated: Monounsaturated: Polyunsaturated:

Butter
Coconut oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Groundnut oil Lard Margarine, hard Margarine, polyunsaturated Margarine, soft Olive oil

54
85 13 26 19 41 36 16 25 14

20
6.6 25 21 48 44 33 21 31 70

2.6
1.7 58 48 29 9 9 41 22 11

Palm oil
Rapeseed oil Safflower oil

45
7 10

42
57 13

8
32 72

Soybean oil
Sunflower oil

15
12

23
20

57
63

*** Foods with large amounts of saturated fats tend to raise cholesterol levels in humans, while foods with unsaturated fat tend to lower cholesterol levels.

Classification of
Lipids

Lipids / (Classification)
LIPIDS
Storage Lipids
(=Neutral fats)

Membrane Lipids
They maintain the permeability and communication of neighboring cells.

Other Lipids

They store high amount of energy.

Ex: Plant seeds store lipids in order to be used during Ex: Glycolipids and phospholipids. germination.

1) Steroids:
They are used in the control of hormonal activities.

2) Carotenoids:
They are found in carrot, orange, tomato etc. and used in photosynthesis.

3) Waxes:

Bees build honeycombs wit wax. In industry, waxes are use in cream, lotion, furniture polish etc. production.

Lipids / (Classification)

Germination is the formation of primary roots and leaves in a plant. (Primary development) The illustration shows germination in monocots and dicots.

Lipids / (Classification)

Lipids / (Classification)
Steroids are large group of naturally occurring and synthetic lipids, or fat-soluble chemicals, with a great diversity of physiological activity. Best known steroids are certain alcohols (sterols), bile acids, many important hormones, some natural drugs, and the poisons found in the skin of some toads.

Ben Johnson was one of U.S.A`s greatest sprinters in 1988 but he was banned from many sporting events because of long term steroid usage.

Lipids / (Classification)

Colorful Autumn Leaves Brilliant autumn colors, characteristic of the leaves of many plants, are due to the presence of accessory leaf pigments that normally assist the plant in photosynthesis by capturing specific wavelengths of sunlight. These pigments, called carotenoids, become visible when the leaf dies in the fall. Carotenoids are also present in squash, .

. Tomato, carrot orange and similar fruits and vegetables.

Lipids / (Classification)

Cross Section of Hive A cross section of a honey bee hive shows the comb, a latticework of hexagonal cells made of beeswax. The center is the realm of the queen, eggs, larvae, and pupae. Honey, the energy source for the colony, is kept in the outermost cells, which are carefully sealed with wax when full.