Energy, work, power

Study guide Worksheet Power practice Worksheet PE and KE practice Worksheet PE > KE illustrations Worksheets Net Force and Net Work

Table of contents

Energy

Mechanical Energy

Other types of energy

Potential Energy PE

Kinetic Energy KE mv2

Ex: Light, Thermal, Sound, Electrical

Gravitational PEg
mgh

Elastic PEs
1/2kx 2

Chemical Energy

Ex: Rock poised on edge of cliff

Ex: loaded spring, bow, rubberband

Ex: Sugar, gasoline

Ex: Moving car or bullet

Identify the types of energy used by the light bulb

Mechanical Energy
The energy of an object based on its position or movement (note: heat, light, sound are NOT examples)

Two Major Categories of Mechanical Energy

Kinetic Energy = Released Mechanical Energy (energy from movement) Ex: Anything moving Potential Energy = Stored Mechanical Energy (energy from position) Ex: elastic, gravitational, chemical

Energy Content of Fuels (in Joules)

Energy Unit Joules Equivalent (S.I.)

gallon of gasoline

1.3x108 103 1.1x106

AA battery

standard cubic foot of natural gas (SCF)

candy bar

106 6.1x109

barrel of crude oil (contains 42 gallons)

pound of coal

1.6 x 107

pound of gasoline
pound of oil

2.2 x 107
2.4 x 107

pound of Uranium-235
ton of coal

3.7 x 1013
3.2 x 1010 7.4 x 1016

ton of Uranium-235

More energy/power tables: http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/modules/ENERGY/ENERGY_POLICY/tables.html

There are many energy Conversions

Energy Unit Equivalent

1 Btu

1055 joules

or

778 ftlb

or

252 cal

1 calorie

4.184 joules

1 food Calorie

1000 calories

or

1 kilocalorie

1 hphr

2.68 106 joules

or

0.746 kwh

1 kwh

3.61106 joules

or

3413 Btu

1 eV

1.610-19 joules

Energy conversion sheet

More energy/power tables: http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/modules/ENERGY/ENERGY_POLICY/tables.html

4 of my favorite units for energy

Cal Calorie. Used for food energy in US

Joules. Used for energy in Europe (& for sci and engineering) Kilowatt Hour. Used for electricity energy
British Thermal Unit for heating and cooling

kWh
BTU

Energy Conversions
1. A double Whopper with cheese contains 1150 Calories. How many kilowatt hours of energy does it contain? 2. An air conditioner uses 13600 kilowatt hours during a typical summer day. How much energy does it use in BTUs? 3. Gilligan rides a stationary bike to power an electric generator to run this air conditioner. How many double Whoppers with cheese must he eat to run this air conditioner in the Howells hut for one day?
See answers on next page

 1. 1.337 kwh 2. 46 403 200 BTU 3. 10 170 Double Whoppers

Kinetic Energy
(mechanical)

Mechanical Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by an object because it is in motion.

KE = mv
1 2
We often use the symbol KE or MKE instead

Kinetic Energy
How much kinetic energy does this 300 000 ton supertanker have at 10 knots?
Conversions: 2000 lbs/ ton

KE = 1 mv 2 2

1 lb / 4.45 N
(or short cut- 2.2 lb / 1 kg)

Answer: 1 knot/1 nautical mile/h 1 nautical mile/1852 m 3 608 905 728 J (if using 2.2 lb/1kg conversion) 3 598 996 536 J (if using 1lb/4.45 N conversion)

Kinetic Energy and Momentum

(see momentum unit for more)

Kinetic energy and momentum both depend on velocity and mass. (However: If
momentum increases then so does kinetic energy but KE increases more because v is squared.)

Momentum is a vector quantity Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.

Gravitational Potential Energy

(another type of mechanical energy)

Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy possessed by an object because of a gravitational interaction.

PEg = mgh

Elastic Potential Energy

(another type of mechanical energy)

Elastic Potential Energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its elastic displacement

PEs = k

2 x

Conservation of Energy Principle

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only transformed from one kind to another. (so you must account for it somewhere!)

Ex: The typical car only converts 20% of gasoline energy into motion. Where does the other energy go? Answer: Friction, accessories, & heat

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

is a summary of the Conservation of Energy Principle

When work is done on an object, its kinetic energy changes Wnet Wext + Wfrict + Ws,g Wext + Wfrict + Ws,g Wext + Wfrict Wext + Wfrict = KE = KE < note that Wfrict will be negative = KE = KE + PE <key formula = (KEf - KEi ) + (PEgf - PEgi )
Practice:
http://www.physicscla ssroom.com/Class/en ergy/U5L2b.html

Here is a short cut formula that you can use when there is no friction and no external work on the system then Initial Mechanical Energy = Final Mechanical Energy

MEi = MEf (KEi + PEgi) = (KEf + PEgf)

(when no friction or external work)

Here is how it was derived from earlier formula: Wext + Wfrict = KE + PE 0 +0 = KE + PE 0 = (KEf - KEi ) + (PEgf - PEgi ) (KEi + PEgi) = (KEf + PEgf ) MEi = MEf

See next slide for example of this concept

Solution: Next slide

50 kg
3000 PEg = ____ J 0

PEg = mgh
3000J = 50kg x 9.8 x 6.1m

KE = ____ J

Note: There is no friction or external force so we can use this formula.

6.1 m

PEg = 1500 J ____ KE = 1500 ____J

MEi = MEf PEg + KE = PEgi + KEf Energy is Conserved!

PEg = ____ J KE = 3000 J ____

KE = mv2 3000J = x 50 kg x 10.95

Referring to the previous slide, what if you didnt know the final KE
and needed to find the final velocity? Here is the solution.
If there is no friction or external force, use this short version.

MEi = MEf (KEi + PEgi) = (KEf + PEgf)

0 + PEgi = mvf2 + 0 3000J = 50kg vf2 vf = 10.95 m/s

Or you can start with the key formula that we derived earlier from the work energy theorem

Wext + Wfrict = KE + PE 0 +0 = KE + PE 0 = (KEf - KEi ) + (PEgf - PEgi ) (KEi + PEgi) = (KEf + PEgf ) 0 + PEgi = mvf2 + 0 3000J = 50kg vf2 vf = 10.95 m/s

This 50 kg box is placed on a frictionless ramp so it initally is 6.1m above the ground. How fast will it be going at the end of the ramp? Hint: Refer to previous two slides.

6.1 m

Note that the length or angle of the ramp doesnt matter. The final velocity is the same as it had been dropped! Thats why folks often use the conservation of energy formulas instead of the acceleration type formulas that we used earlier in this class.

Note: The direction doesnt matter for v !

Roller Coasters

Linkhttp://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/m media/energy/ce.html Very good site for checking max KE against PE http://www.funderstanding.com/coaster

Good coaster simulation

http://fearofphysics.com/Roller/roller.html

K+

Ug

Conservation of energy K + Ug = K + Ug

K +U

Now lets do a few examples that include work!

Use Wext + Wfrict = KE + PE

Ex: #1 A 2 kg block, initially at rest, is pushed by a 10 N force a distance of 5 m along a flat frictionless surface. How fast is going after this push? Ex: #2 A 2 kg block, moving at 2 m/s is pushed a distance of 5 m with 10 N of force along a flat surface that exerts 10 N of friction force. How fast is it going after this push?

Ex: #3 A 2 kg sled is pulled with 30 N of force from a resting position for a distance of 5 m. Friction exerts 10 N of resistance. How fast is it going at the end of this run?
Ex: #4 A 2 kg wagon is pulled by a child with 30 N of force at an angle of 40 degrees above the horizontal. Friction exerts 10 N of force. How fast will it be going at the end of a 5 meter pull? See next page for solutions

Solutions using Wext + Wfrict = KE + PE

1. 2. 3. 4. 7.07 m/s 2 m/s 10 m/s 8.3 m/s

Link for detailed answers

Note that these can also be solved using acceleration formulas that we learned earlier in semester.

Elastic Potential Energy and Elastic Force (Hooks Law)

Fs = k x PEs = k x2 k is the spring constant. It indicates the strength/stiffness of the elastic material x is the distance that it is displaced from its relaxed postion
See Holt pg. 172 problems 1 and 2 for examples.

Spring constant Lab

Task: Find k for the provided spring
Materials: meterstick spring masses
Hint: See Slam Dunk problem from previous slide

The Slam Dunk

A 110 kg basketball player hangs on the rim following a slam dunk. The rim is deflected down (displaced) 15 cm. Calculate the spring constant of the rim.
The system is not moving so.. a =0 and Fnet =0 Therefore Fnet = Fs + - Fg substitute: so 0 = kx + - mg kx = mg
(Fg is negative because it is down)

(k x.15m) = (110 kg x 9.8) k = 7187 N m

 The work done by force is defined as the product of that force times the parallel distance over which it acts.

Work

W = Fx

Wnet = K
The unit of work is the newton-meter or joule (J)
W = F x
W = (ma) x units Units (kg x m/s/s) x m kg m/s2 x m Nxm

Wnet = K
Wnet = 1/2mv2 - 1/2mv2 kg m/s2 - kg m/s2 kg m/s2 ? See p. 164 holt

Kinetic Energy, Work, and Force

1. How much kinetic energy does this 300 000 ton supertanker have at 10 knots? 2. How much work was done to bring the tanker up to 10 knots if it started from a dead stop? 3. How much force is needed to stop the tanker over a distance of 25 km? 4. How much work must be done to bring this tanker to a stop? Conversions: 2000 lbs/ton 2.2. lbs/ kg 1 knot/1 nautical mile/h 1 nautical mile/1852 m

K = 1 mv 2 2
W = Fd W = K

Power
Power is the rate of doing work or expending energy.
P=W/t
P = F x / t P = Fv P = KE / t power = force times velocity power = energy / time Quiz everlasting

Power = work / time

Rough Values of Power of Various Processes (watts) Solar power in all directions Solar power incident on earth Solar power avg. on U.S. Solar power consumed in photosynthesis U.S. power consumption rate U.S. electrical power 1027 1017 1015 1014 1013 1012

Large electrical generating plant

Automobile at 40 mph Solar power on roof of U.S. home U.S. citizen consumption rate Electric stove Solar power per m2 on U.S. surface One light bulb Food consumption rate per capita U.S. Electric razor

109
105 104 104 104 102 102 102 101

More energy/power tables: http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/modules/ENERGY/ENERGY_POLICY/tables.html

Power P = W/t or P = Fv
Here is another way to look at power: A gallon of gasoline contains 1.3x108 Joules of energy (and can do 1.3x108 Joules of work), but the power produced when we burn it depends on how fast we burn it. For example, this Toyota Echo produces 106 horsepower. This C-130 airplane produces 18,032 hp (13,448 kW)

Energy E = Pt (or KE = Pt)

How much energy will the Echo use over a 3 hour trip? How much energy will the C-130 use?
My name is Dorrie. Im not very powerful but I dont use much energy.

 The unit of power is a joule per second, called a Watt (W).

Power

Need to add some power conversion problems here

 http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/energy/ U5L1a.html Read all of lesson one and do the practice problems. Check your own answers in preparation for a quiz.

Homework for Energy, Work, and Power

 Lab: Hay Loft

Energy, Work, & Power Quiz

(from pgs. 168- 181 New Holt)

1. A ball is thrown vertically at 2.2m/s from the hand of a boy that is 2 meters above the ground. How high will this ball rise above the release point before it starts to fall back to earth? a. 1.67m b. 25.6m c. .25m d. .46m 2. A spring with a force constant of 5.2 N/m dangles from the ceiling and has a relaxed length of 2.45m. When a mass is attached to it, the spring displaces to a length of 3.57m. What is the elastic potential energy in the spring? a. 6.7J b. 2.6J c. 45.6J d. 3.3J 3. A 75 kg grocery cart is pushed a distance of 4.5m. It started from rest and its final speed is 6m/s. How much force was applied to do this? a. 300N b. 150N c. 400N d. 500N 4. A crane raises a 200 N weight from rest to a height of 50 meters in 5 seconds. The crane does work at a rate of ________. a. 8102.3W b. 2816W c. 14080W d. 5718W 5. A 1500 kg dragster accelerates from a stop to a speed of 10 m/s in 3 seconds. How much power does the car produce? a. 25000W b. 4420W c. 35050W d. 6200W 6. A 50 kg orangutan climbs a vine a distance of 5 meters at a constant velocity. If she exerts 200 W during this interval, how long does it take her to climb the rope? a. 18.4s b. 12.3s c. 7.6s d. 14.6s

More review questions

(these can be solved using acceleration or energy formulas)

1. A marble is thrown vertically at 5m/s from a child that is 10 meters above the ground. How high will the marble rise above the childs hand before it starts to fall back towards the Earth? 2. A 2500kg car accelerates from rest to a velocity of 25m/s in 10 seconds. How much power does the car produce?
Answers 1. 1.27 m 2. 78125 W See solutions in Wansleys notebook

Lab: P, W, E up the stadium steps

Chapter 6
Work, Energy, Power

Energy
Energy is the capacity for doing work. You must have energy to accomplish work - it is like the "currency" for performing work. To do 100 joules of work, you must expend 100 joules of energy. (i.e.The amount of energy transferred to the object is equal to the work done on the object.)

Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by an object because it is in motion. 2 1 2

KE = mv

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy possessed by an object because of a gravitational interaction.

PE G = mgh

Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only transformed from one kind to another.

(KE PE ) inital W = (KE PE ) final

Power
Power is the time rate of doing work.
work done by a force AveragePower = time taken todo this work = Force Speed

Work
The amount of energy transferred to the object is equal to the work done.
The work done by force is defined as the product of that force times the parallel distance over which it acts.

W= F cos d
The unit of work is the newton-meter, called a joule (J)

Power
Here is another way to look at power: A liter of gasoline can do a certain amount of work, but the power produced when we burn it can be any amount, depending on how fast we burn it. The liter may produce 50 units of power for half an hour in a car or 90,000 units of power for one second in a plane.

Power
The unit of power is a joule per second, called a Watt (W).

Efficiency

Efficiency= Work done/Energy Used

Gears and Gear Trains

Link

Lab: Energy of a cart

Needs work!