POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT EPM333 APRIL 2011

Prof. Hossam Talaat Electrical Power Eng. Ain Shams Univ

POWER FACTOR DEFINITION

Inductive Load Capacitive Load I Ia + V R Ir L + V Ia R Ir C

S = V I* PF = Cos() Q = V I sin()

I Ia Ir V

Ir V

I Lagging Power Factor

Lagging Q

Ia Leading Power Factor

Lagging Q

S P

Q V

P Q

Q = S sin() = +ve Power factor = P / S (lagging)

S Q = S sin() = -ve Power factor = P / S (leading)

PRACTICAL VALUES OF POWER FACTOR FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS

Load Type Plant / Appliance Incandescent Lamps Lighting Fluorescent Lamps (Uncompensated) Fluorescent Lamps (Compensated) Ovens Using Resistance Elements Heating

PF
1.0 0.5 0.93 1.0 0.85 0.5 0.7 to 0.8 0.17 0.73 0.85 0.8

Induction Heating Ovens (Compensated)

Fixed 1-Phase Arc-Welding Set

Welding

Arc-Welding Transformer-Rectifier Set

Loaded At 0%
Induction Motors Loaded At 50% Loaded At 100%

Arc Furn.

Arc Furnace

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REACTIVE POWER AND POWER FACTOR

P = 1000 kW S = P/PF = 1000/PF

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SYSTEM LOSSES AND POWER FACTOR

Ploss = |I|2 r = [Ia /PF]2 r Ploss-normalized = Ploss / Ploss-min = 1 / PF2

CONCEPT OF PF IMPROVEMENT
QT PL,ST

PL QL

Qc

SL

SL

QL
ST PL

Qc

QT

ADVANTAGES OF PF IMPROVEMENT
1- Reduce Electricity Billl (customer) 2- Reduction of cable size (Customer)
Multiplying factor for the cross-sectional area of the cable core Power Factor 1 1 1.25 0.8 1.67 0.6 2.5 0.4

3- Reduction of Losses (Utility + Customer) 4- Reduction of Voltage Drop (Utility) 5- Increase Equipment Capacity (utility)
Transformers, Feeders, T.L.,

TYPICAL EXAMPLE

POWERWORLD SIMULATOR MODEL

(WWW.POWERWORLD.COM)

Line Loading

Transformer Loading

0%
11.31 kV
ck sl a

Amps

0%
11.31 kV
MVA

0.391 kV

0.00 AMP
3

0.000 MW 1 0.000 Mvar

Line Losses = 0.000 MW

0.000 MW 0.000 Mvar

0.000 Mvar

UNCOMPENSTED LOAD
Line Loading Transformer Loading

39%
11.31 kV
sl a ck

Amps

94%
10.71 kV

MVA

0.349 kV

40.45 AMP
3

0.530 MW 1 0.589 Mvar

Line Losses = 0.030 MW

0.500 MW 0.500 Mvar

0.000 Mvar

COMPENSATED LOAD
Line Loading Transformer Loading

25%
11.31 kV
ck sl a

Amps

63%
11.02 kV
MVA

0.380 kV

26.23 AMP
3

0.512 MW 1 0.037 Mvar

Line Losses = 0.012 MW

0.500 MW 0.500 Mvar

0.500 Mvar

COMPARISON
Case No-Load Uncomp. Load VL (V) ILine (A) Ploss (kW) Trans Feeder Pgenerated Load % Load % MW

391 349 380

0 40.45 26.23

0 30 12

0 94 63

0 39 25

0 0.530 0.512

Compens. Load

PRACTICAL MEASUREMENT OF PF

Average tan()= Annual kVArh / Annual kWh Cos() = ..

CREATING CUSTOMER MOTIVATION (PENALTY IN EGYPT)

Penalty = (0.9-PF) * kWh charges (0.7 < PF < 0.9) When the average annual PF is less than 0.7, the penalty is:

Penalty= [ (0.9-0.7) + 3(0.7-PF)/2 ] * kWh charges (PF < 0.7)

If the consumer does not correct the PF, the penalty increases after three months to:

Penalty= 2 * (0.9-PF) * kWh charges

The utility also has the right to discontinue service if the consumer does not correct the PF within another six months.

FIXED VS VARIABLE CAPACITOR BANKS

Fixed capacitors

This arrangement employs one or more capacitor(s) to form a constant level of compensation. This configuration is usually applied in cases where the level of load is almost constant.

Automatic capacitor banks

This kind of equipment provides a fast adaptation of compensation to match the level of load such that a selected level of power factor is maintained within a tolerated limit. Such equipment is applied at points in an installation where the active-power and/or reactive-power variations are relatively large, e.g., at the busbars of a general power distribution board, at the terminals of a heavily-loaded feeder cable,

AUTOMATIC CAPACITOR BANK

A bank of capacitors is divided into a number of sections, each of which is controlled by a contactor. The size of the bank increased or decreased in steps, A regulator monitors the power factor of the controlled circuit(s) and is arranged to close and open appropriate contactors to maintain a reasonably constant system power factor.

AUTOMATIC CAPACITOR BANK (CONT.)

CT

Regulator

AUTOMATIC CAPACITOR BANK (CONT.)