"If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall in the ditch.

"

Neha ( 137) Shikha popli (146)

Leadership
Leadership may be defined as both the process and

property. Leaders are those who have the ability to influence the behaviour of others without the use of force. The leaders job is to create the vision. Leadership is not management.

Leadership Theories
There are three main theories that attempt to explain Leadership. Personality Trait Theories Behavior theories Contingency Theories Other Contemporary Theories

skills
Traits temperament

relationships

Leadership characteristics

Need/motives

Interpersonal orientation knowledge

Cognitive orientation

Behavioral Theories
The behavioral theorists concentrated on the

unique behavioral aspects found in leaders that enabled them to attain effective leadership. Following are the our main behavior theories of leadership The Ohio State studies 2. Universities of Michigan studies 3. The Managerial Grid
1.

Behavioural approach to leadership

Performance oriented behaviour Fast work speed Good quality High accuracy Observation of rules

Maintenance oriented behaviour Feeling Comfort Stress reduction appreciation

Successful leadership behaviour

Employee participation in decision -making

The Ohio State University Leadership Studies

Low Consideration Behaviour High Consideration Behaviour

Low- Initiating Structure Behaviour

High Initiating Structure Behaviour

The Michigan University Leadership Studies

job- centered behaviour

employee-centered behaviour

Managerial grid theory

Contingency Theories
According to the contingency approach of leadership, a single leadership style is not applicable to all situations. The main ones are : 1. Fiedlers Contingency Model 2. Path Goal Theory

Fiedlers Contingency Theory

Developed by Fred Fiedler Leaders effectiveness depends upon on the situation

Effectiveness determined by match between leaders task

versus relationship motivation & favourableness of the situation Situational favourableness, determined by three factors:
Leader-member relations Task structure Position power or the leaders position .

 High levels of these three factors give the most

favourable situation, low levels, the least favourable. Relationship-motivated leaders are most effective in moderately favourable situations. Task-motivated leaders are most effective at either end of the scale. Fiedler suggests that it may be easier for leaders to change their situation to achieve effectiveness, rather than change their leadership style.

Path Goal Theory

This theory was developed by Robert House. Here the leader provides the necessary support and guidance to his followers and help them achieve organizational goals.

Robert House suggested 4 types of leadership by this model 1. Directive leadership 2. Supportive leadership 3. Participative leadership 4. Achievement-oriented leadership.

Other Contemporary theories

The vertical dyad linkage theory
Transformational leadership Charismatic leadership Leadership substitute

The vertical dyad linkage theory of leadership

leader

Subor dinate 1

Subord inate 2

Subordi nate 3

Subordi nate 4

Subordin ate 5

Subordin ate 6

The In-Group

The 0ut-Group

Leader Substitutes
SUBSTITUTES ARE FACTORS THAT CAN NEUTRALIZE THE INFLUENCE OF LEADER BEHAVIOR

LOOK FOR CHARACTERISTICS OF:

THE INDIVIDUAL

THE TASK
THE ORGANIZATION

Transformational & Charismatic

Transformational :
Change agent Inspire change and innovation Potent and Complex

Charismatic:
Inspires followers

Self confident
Strong convictions in their own beliefs & ideals