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Angular Kinematics Tools for Measuring Body angles angular velocity angular velocity = angular displacement e = u change in time angular acceleration = change in angular velocity change in time a = a e At Units: deg / s, rad/s, rev/s, and rpm angular motion vectors right hand rule Average vs. Instantaneous Angular Quantities Angular speed, velocity
Angular Kinematics Tools for Measuring Body angles angular velocity angular velocity = angular displacement e = u change in time angular acceleration = change in angular velocity change in time a = a e At Units: deg / s, rad/s, rev/s, and rpm angular motion vectors right hand rule Average vs. Instantaneous Angular Quantities Angular speed, velocity
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Angular Kinematics Tools for Measuring Body angles angular velocity angular velocity = angular displacement e = u change in time angular acceleration = change in angular velocity change in time a = a e At Units: deg / s, rad/s, rev/s, and rpm angular motion vectors right hand rule Average vs. Instantaneous Angular Quantities Angular speed, velocity
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Body Angles Goniometer: One arm fixed to protractor at 0 0
Other arm free to rotate Center of goniometer over joint center Arms aligned over longitudinal axes Electrogoniometer (elgon): Inclinometers: Radian Angular Kinematic Relationships Angular Velocity
Angular velocity = angular displacement e = u change in time At
Units: deg/s, rad/s, rev/s, & rpm Angular Kinematic Relationships Angular Acceleration Angular acceleration = change in angular velocity change in time o = A e At
Units: deg/s 2 , rad/s 2 , & rev/s 2
Angular Kinematic Relationships Angular Motion Vectors Right hand rule
Average vs. Instantaneous Angular Quantities Angular speed, Velocity, & Acceleration Right Hand Rule ROTATIONAL QUANTITIES u - angular displacement (degrees, radians, or revolutions) u = s/r e - angular speed (rads/sec) e = u/t o - angular acceleration (rads/sec2) o = Ae/t 1 radian = 57.3 o 2t rads = 1 rev = 360 o Centripetal Force Required to maintain centripetal acceleration (Newtons Laws) Directed toward the center Acts at right angles to motion Ex: gravity, friction, strings F c = ma c = mre 2 = mv t 2 /r Observing circular motion. Where do you observe things moving with circular motion? The hammer swung by a hammer thrower Clothes being dried in a spin drier Chemicals being separated in a centrifuge Cornering in a car or on a bike A stone being whirled round on a string A plane looping the loop A DVD, CD or record spinning on its turntable Satellites moving in orbits around the Earth A planet orbiting the Sun (almost circular orbit for many) Many fairground rides An electron in orbit about a nucleus Any motion in a curve is an example of circular motion. Relationship Between Linear and Angular Motion d = r
Radius of rotation:
Linear distance & radius of rotation same units Angular distance in radians Radius of Rotation Linear and Angular Velocity V = re m/s = (m) (rad/s) With all other factors held constant, the greater the radius of rotation at which a swinging implement hits a ball, the greater the linear velocity imparted to the ball However, the magnitude of the angular velocity figures as heavily as the length of the radius of rotation in determining the linear velocity of a point on a swinging implement Linear and Angular Acceleration Tangential acceleration: a t = v 2 - v 1 / t a t = ro Radial acceleration: a r = v 2 / r a t
a r
DEFINITION OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Uniform circular motion is the motion of an object traveling at a constant speed on a circular path. 5.1 Uniform Circular Motion Let T be the time it takes for the object to travel once around the circle. v r T = 2t r 5.1 Uniform Circular Motion Example 1: A Tire-Balancing Machine
The wheel of a car has a radius of 0.29m and it being rotated at 830 revolutions per minute on a tire-balancing machine. Determine the speed at which the outer edge of the wheel is moving. revolution min 10 2 . 1 min s revolution 830 1 3 = s 072 . 0 min 10 2 . 1 3 = =
T ( ) s m 25 s 072 . 0 m 0.29 2 2 = = = t t T r v 5.2 Centripetal Acceleration The direction of the centripetal acceleration is towards the center of the circle r v a c 2 = 5.2 Centripetal Acceleration Example 3: The Effect of Radius on Centripetal Acceleration
The bobsled track contains turns with radii of 33 m and 24 m. Find the centripetal acceleration at each turn for a speed of 34 m/s. Express answers as multiples of . s m 8 . 9 2 = g 5.2 Centripetal Acceleration r v a c 2 = ( ) g a c 6 . 3 s m 35 m 33 s m 34 2 2 = = = ( ) g a c 9 . 4 s m 48 m 24 s m 34 2 2 = = = 5.3 Centripetal Force The centripetal force is the name given to the net force required to keep an object moving on a circular path.
The direction of the centripetal force always points toward the center of the circle and continually changes direction as the object moves. r v m F c 2 = 5.3 Centripetal Force Example 5: The Effect of Speed on Centripetal Force
The model airplane has a mass of 0.90 kg and moves at constant speed on a circle that is parallel to the ground. The path of the airplane and the guideline lie in the same horizontal plane because the weight of the plane is balanced by the lift generated by its wings. Find the tension in the 17 m guideline for a speed of 19 m/s. r v m T F c 2 = = ( ) ( ) N 19 m 17 s m 19 kg 90 . 0 2 = = T 5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits There is only one speed that a satellite can have if the satellite is to remain in an orbit with a fixed radius. r v m r mM G F E c 2 2 = = r GM v E = 5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits 5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits Example 9: Orbital Speed of the Hubble Space Telescope
Determine the speed of the Hubble Space Telescope orbiting at a height of 598 km above the earths surface. ( )( ) ( ) h mi 16900 s m 10 56 . 7 m 10 598 m 10 38 . 6 kg 10 98 . 5 kg m N 10 67 . 6 3 3 6 24 2 2 11 = +
=
v 5.6 Apparent Weightlessness and Artificial Gravity Example 13: Artificial Gravity
At what speed must the surface of the space station move so that the astronaut experiences a push on his feet equal to his weight on earth? The radius is 1700 m. mg r v m F c = = 2 ( )( ) 2 s m 80 . 9 m 1700 = = rg v Question Davain sits on the outer rim of a merry- go-round, and Diego sits midway between the center and the rim. The merry-go-round makes one complete revolution every two seconds. Diegos velocity is: (a) the same as Davians (b) Faster than Davians (c) Slower than Davians Diego Davian a = V 2 /r (C) Diego is slower than the velocity of Davian Conceptual Question You and a friend are playing on the merry-go-round. You stand at the outer edge of the merry-go-round and your friend stands halfway between the outer edge and the center. Assume the rotation rate of the merry-go-round is constant. Who has the greatest angular velocity? 1. You do 2. Your friend does 3. Same CORRECT Since the angular displacement is the same in both cases. you The End