Networks: ATM Networks: ATM

1 1
Asynchronous Asynchronous
Tronsfer Mode Tronsfer Mode
(ATM) (ATM)
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
Z Z
Issues Driving LAN Chunges Issues Driving LAN Chunges
TraIIic Integration
Voice, video and data traIIic
Multimedia -ecame the -: word`
One-way -atch We- traIIic
Two-way -atch voice messages
One-way interactive M-one -roadcasts
Two-way interactive video conIerencing
Q:ality oI Service g:arantees (e.g. limited jitter,
non--locking streams)
LAN Interopera-ility
Mo-ile and Wireless nodes
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
3 3
Stallings 'High-Speed Networks
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
4 4
Stallings 'High-Speed Networks
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM

A/D
Voice
s
1 ,
s
2
.
Digital voice samples
A/D
Video
.
Compression
compressed
Irames
pict:re Irames
Data
B:rsty varia-le-length
packets
cells
cells
cells
Fig:re 9.3
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
AAL
AAL
AAL
ATM Adaptation Layers
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM

MUX
`
Wasted -andwidth
ATM
TDM
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
4 3 1 3 2 2 1
Voice
Data
packets
Images
Fig:re 7.37 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Asynchronous Trunsfer Mode Asynchronous Trunsfer Mode
{ATM} {ATM}
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
7 7
ATM ATM
ATM standard (deIined -y CCITT) is widely
accepted -y common carriers as mode oI operation
Ior comm:nication partic:larly BISDN.
ATM is a Iorm oI cell switching :sing small Iixed-
sied packets.
Header
Payload
5 Bytes
48 Bytes
Fig:re 9.1
Basic ATM Cell Format
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM

ATM ConceptuuI ModeI ATM ConceptuuI ModeI
Four Assumptions Four Assumptions
1. ATM network will -e organied as a
hierorchy.
User`s eq:ipment connects to networks via a UNI (User-
Network InterIace).
Connections -etween provided networks are made thro:gh
NNI (Network-Network InterIace).
2. ATM will -e connecfion-orienfed.
A connection (an ATM channel) m:st -e
esta-lished -eIore any cells are sent.
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
9 9

Private
UNI
P:-lic
UNI
NNI
Private
NNI
Private ATM
network
P:-lic
UNI
B-ICI
P:-lic ATM
network A
P:-lic ATM
network B
Fig:re 9.5
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
10 10
ATM Connections ATM Connections
two levels oI ATM connections:
virt:al path connections
virt:al channel connections
indicated -y two Iields in the cell header:
;irtual path identifier '!I
;irtual channel identifier 'CI
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
11 11
Physical Link
Virt:al Paths
Virt:al Channels
Fig:re 7.40 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
ATM 'irtuuI Connections ATM 'irtuuI Connections
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
1Z 1Z
ATM ConceptuuI ModeI ATM ConceptuuI ModeI
Assumptions {cont,} Assumptions {cont,}
3. Vast majority oI ATM networks will r:n on
optical Ii-er networks with exfremeIy Iow
error rofes
4. ATM m:st s:pport Iow cosf offochmenfs.
This decision lead to a signiIicant decision to
prohibif ceII reordering in ATM networks.
ATM switch design is more diIIic:lt.
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
13 13
GFC (4 -its) VPI (4 -its)
VPI (4 -its)
VCI (4 -its)
VCI (8 -its)
VCI (4 -its) PT (3 -its)
CLP
(1 -it)
HEC (8 -its)
ATM cell
header
Payload
(48 -ytes)
Fig:re 9.7 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
&NI &NI CeII Formut CeII Formut
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
14 14
2
3
N
1
Switch
N
1

5
6
video
25
video
voice
data
32
32 61
25
32
32
61
75
67
39
67
N
1
3
2
video 75
voice 67
data
39
video
67
Fig:re 7.38

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
ATM CeII Switching ATM CeII Switching
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
1 1
.
ATM
Sw
1
ATM
Sw
4
ATM
Sw
2
ATM
Sw
3
ATM
DCC
a
b
d
e
VP3
VP5
VP2
VP1
a
b
.
d
e
Sw switch
Fig:re 7.39
Digital Cross Connect
nly switches ;irtual paths
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
1 1
ATM ATM !rotocoI Architecture !rotocoI Architecture
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) the protocol
Ior packaging data into cells is collectively
reIerred to as AAL.
M:st eIIiciently package higher level data
s:ch as voice samples, video Irames and
datagram packets into a series oI cells.
Design Issue: How many adaptation layers
should there be?
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
17 17
P
l
a
n
e

m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Management plane
Control plane User plane
Physical layer
ATM layer
ATM adaptation layer
Higher layers Higher layers
L
a
y
e
r

m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Fig:re 9.2
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
1 1
AAL
ATM
User
inIormation
User
inIormation
AAL
ATM
PHY PHY
ATM
PHY
ATM
PHY

End system
End system Network
Fig:re 9.4 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
19 19
OriginuI OriginuI ATM Architecture ATM Architecture
CCITT envisioned Io:r classes oI
applications (A-D) req:iring Io:r distinct
adaptation layers (1-4) which wo:ld -e
optimi:ed Ior an application class:
A. Constant -it-rate applications #
B. Varia-le -it-rate applications '#
C. Connection-oriented data applications
D. Connectionless data application
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
Z0 Z0
ATM Architecture ATM Architecture
An AAL is I:rther divided into:
The Convergence SubIuyer {CS}
manages the Ilow oI data to and Irom SAR s:-layer.
The Segmentution und ReussembIy SubIuyer
{SAR}
-reaks data into cells at the sender and reassem-les
cells into larger data :nits at the receiver.
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
Z1 Z1
OriginuI ATM Architecture
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
ZZ ZZ
Transmission
convergence
s:-layer
Physical medi:m
dependent s:-layer
Physical
medi:m
ATM layer
Physical layer
Fig:re 9.6 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
Z3 Z3
The AAL interIace was initially deIined as classes A-D
with SAP (service access points) Ior AAL1-4.
AAL3 and AAL4 were so similar that they were
merged into AAL3/4.
The data comm:nications comm:nity concl:ded that
AAL3/4 was not suitable Ior data comm:nications
applications. They p:shed Ior standardiation oI AAL5
(also referred to as SEAL - the Simple and Effi.ient
Adaptation Layer).
AAL2 was not 39, deployed.
OriginuI OriginuI ATM Architecture ATM Architecture
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
Z4 Z4
Revised ATM Architecture
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
Z Z
Revised Revised ATM Service Cutegories ATM Service Cutegories
Class Description Example
CBR Constant Bit Rate T1 circ:it
RT-VBR Real Time Varia-le Bit
Rate
Real-time
videoconIerencing
NRT-VBR Non-real-time Varia-le Bit
Rate
M:ltimedia email
ABR Availa-le Bit Rate Browsing the We-
UBR UnspeciIied Bit Rate Backgro:nd Iile
transIer
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
Z Z
QoS QoS !'C !'C und und S'C S'C
Q:ality oI Service (QoS) req:irements are
handled at connection time and viewed as
part oI signaling
ATM provides permanent virt:al connections
and switched virt:al connections.
Permanent Virt:al Connections (!'C)
permanent connections set :p manually
-y network manager.
Switched Virt:al Connections ($')
set :p and released on demand -y the end :ser
via signaling proced:res.
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
Z7 Z7
(-) CS PDU with pointer in str:ct:red data transIer
AAL 1
Pointer
1 Byte 46 Bytes
47 Bytes
Fig:re 9.11
AAL 1 Payload
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
optional
(a) SAR PDU header
CSI
SNP
Seq. Co:nt
1 -it 3 -its 4 -its
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
Z Z

Higher layer User data stream

Convergence
s:-layer
SAR s:-layer
ATM layer
CS PDUs
SAR PDUs
ATM Cells
47 47
47
1 47
1 47 1 47
H H H
5 48
H
5 48
H
5 48
H
-
1
-
2
-
3
Fig:re 9.10
AAL 1
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
Z9 Z9
(a) CPCS-PDU Iormat
(-) SAR PDU Iormat
CPI Btag BASie
CPCS - PDU Payload
1 1 2 1 - 65,535 0-3 1 1 2
(-ytes) (-ytes) (-ytes)
AL Etag Length Pad
Header
Trailer
ST SN MID
SAR - PDU Payload
2 4 10 44 6 10
(-its) (-ytes) (-its)
LI CRC
Header
(2 -ytes)
Trailer (2
-ytes)
Fig:re 9.16
AAL 3/4
CS and SAR PDUs
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
30 30
Higher layer
Common part
convergence
s:-layer
SAR s:-layer
ATM layer
Service speciIic
convergence
s:-layer
InIormation
Ass:me n:ll
T
PAD
User message
Pad message to m:ltiple
oI 4 -ytes. Add header
and trailer.
Each SAR-PDU consists
oI 2--yte header, 2--yte
trailer, and 44--yte
payload.
H
4 4
2 44 2 2 44 2
2 44 2

InIormation
Fig:re 9.15
AAL 3/4
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
31 31
InIormation
0 - 65,535 0-47 1 1 2 4
(-ytes) (-ytes)
UU CPI Length CRC Pad
Fig:re 9.19
AAL 5
Convergent S:-layer Format
SAR Format
48 -ytes oI Data
ATM
Header
1--it end-oI-datagram Iield (PTI)
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM Networks: ATM
3Z 3Z
Higher layer
Common part
convergence
s:-layer
SAR s:-layer
ATM layer
PTI 0
Service speciIic
convergence
s:-layer
Ass:me n:ll
48
(1)
InIormation
T
PAD

InIormation
48
(0)
48
(0)
PTI 0
PTI 1
Fig:re 9.18
AAL 5
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies