Photosynthesis

Bountiful Blessings of Light and Nature

Photosynthesis
is a chemical process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight and water.

Where it all Happen

Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of the plant.

External Structure of a Leaf

External Structure
Leaf: chlorophyll containing outgrowth of a stem or branch; the site of photosynthesis. Blade (lamina): main part of the leaf. Vein: line dividing, but not completely, the leaf into sections. Midrib: line dividing the leaf in two.

External Structure
Leafstalk (petiole): part of the leaf that is attached to the stem. Stem: part of the plant that carries the leaves. Sheath: part of the leaf that attaches the petiole to the stem. Stipules: small appendage at the base of the petiole.

Types of Leaves

Types of Leaves

Leaf Arrangement

Internal Structure of a Leaf

 The location and structure of chloroplasts overview Chloroplast

LEAF CROSS SECTION LEAF
Mesophyll

MESOPHYLL CELL

CHLOROPLAST

Intermembrane space Outer membrane

Granum Grana Stroma

Inner membrane Stroma Thylakoid Thylakoid compartment

Internal Structure of a Leaf

Material Flow through the Internal Structure

Photosynthesis in the Leaf

 The location and structure of chloroplasts overview Chloroplast

LEAF CROSS SECTION LEAF
Mesophyll

MESOPHYLL CELL

CHLOROPLAST

Intermembrane space Outer membrane

Granum Grana Stroma

Inner membrane Stroma Thylakoid Thylakoid compartment

Inside the Chloroplast (An Overview)

Chloroplast
Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Stroma Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Thylakoid Granum

Thylakoid stacks are connected together

17

A Thylakoid Disc

A Thylakoid Disc

A Thylakoid Disc

A Thylakoid Disc

A Thylakoid Disc

A Thylakoid Disc

A Thylakoid Disc

A Thylakoid Disc

Light Dependent Reaction

Light Reaction
X
ADP

Y
NADP ATP NADPH2

PSI

Solar energy

PSII
Solarenergy is converted to chemical energy ia ATP & NADPH2.T hey are used in the Dark reaction

2H+ H2O O2

Light Reaction
ADP ADP

Picked up by low enrgy electron

accepter

X
Exited electrons are released from PSII ATP

Soloar Energy is absorbed by PS II

NADPH2

PSI

O2
2H+ O2 H2O

PSII

PHOTOLYSIS of WATER

LIGHT REACTION
4 picked up by a low
energy electron accepter

Picked up by a low energy electron accepter 9

NADP

X
Exited electrons are released from PS II

ADP 5

Y
10

ATP 8 PSI 7 NADPH2

1
Solar energy is absorbed by PS II

12 6 2H+ O2 H2O

O2

PSII

11

PHOTOLYSIS of WATER

Light Reaction (Electron Flow)

Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes During the light reaction, there are two possible routes for electron flow: A. Cyclic Electron Flow

B. Noncyclic Electron Flow

30

Cyclic Electron Flow

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane. Uses Photosystem I only P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Generates ATP only

ADP +

ATP
31

Noncyclic Electron Flow

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane Uses Photosystem II and Photosystem I P680 reaction center (PSII) chlorophyll a P700 reaction center (PS I) chlorophyll a Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Generates O2, ATP and NADPH
32

Noncyclic Electron Flow

ADP + ATP NADP+ + H NADPH Oxygen comes from the splitting of H2O, not CO2 H2O 1/2 O2 + 2H+
33

 Powers ATP synthesis Takes place across the thylakoid membrane Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme) H+ move down their concentration gradient through channels of ATP synthase forming ATP from ADP
34

Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis
SUN H+ H+

(Proton Pumping) T C
H+ H+

Thylakoid
PS II

E
PS I
high H+ concentration

H+ H+

H+ H+

H+

ATP Synthase

Thylakoid Space

ADP + P

H+

ATP

low H+ concentration

35

Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction) C3 plants (80% of plants on earth) Occurs in the stroma Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as energy Uses CO2 To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 36 NADPH.

Light Dependent Reaction

Light Dependent Reaction

Light Dependent Reaction

Light Dependent Reaction

Light Dependent Reaction

Light Dependent Reaction

Photorespiration
Occurs on hot, dry, bright days Stomates close Fixation of O2 instead of CO2 Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar molecules Produces no sugar molecules or no ATP
44

Photorespiration
Because of photorespiration, plants have special adaptations to limit the effect of photorespiration: 1. C4 plants 2. CAM plants

45

 Hot, moist environments 15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane) Photosynthesis occurs in 2 places Light reaction mesophyll cells Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cells

C4 Plants

46

CAM Plants
Hot, dry environments 5% of plants (cactus and ice plants) Stomates closed during day Stomates open during the night Light reaction - occurs during the day Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO2 is present

47

Cam plants close their stomata in the hottest part of the day to conserve water