Heat, Temperature, Heat Transfer, Thermal Expansion & Thermodynamics

Heat vs. Temperature

Heat

Temperature

A form of energy Measured in calories or Joules There is no coldness energy Any object with temperature above zero Kelvin has heat energy

Avg. Kinetic Energy of the particles Measured in C, F, K hot & cold are relative terms Absolute zero is zero Kelvin

Heat Transfer
1.Conduction - requires direct contact or particle to particle transfer of energy; usually occurs in solids 2.Convection - heat moves in currents; hot air rises and cold air falls; only occurs in fluids

3.Radiation - heat waves travel through empty space, no matter needed; sun

www.mech.northwestern.edu/. ../ME377/ME377.htm

CONVECTION

CONDUCTION

RADIATION

METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

Thermal Equilibrium
A

system is in thermal equilibrium when all of its parts are at the same temperature. transfers only from high to low temperatures and only until thermal equilibrium is reached.

Heat

Temperature Scales
There are 3 temperature scales Celsius (Centigrade), Kelvin, Fahrenheit 1. Celsius, C metric temp. scale 2. Kelvin, K metric absolute zero temp. scale 3. Fahrenheit, F customary (English) temp. scale

Handout s: 1.NEW YELLOW FORMULA CHART 2. Temp. Scale/Questions on back 3.Phase Change Graph/Energy conversions on back

Absolute Zero: theoretical temp. at which all particle motion stops!!

Converting C to F and F to C YELLOW FORMULA CHART

CF C x 1.8 + 32 Celsius x 1.8 + 32 = Fahrenheit EX: 20 degrees Celsius Conversion: 20 C x 1.8 + 32 = 68 F
FC F -32 / 1.8 Fahrenhiet 32 / 1.8 = Celsius EX: 95 degrees Fahrenheit Conversion: 95 F 32 / 1.8 = 35 C

Converting K to C and C to K YELLOW FORMULA CHART

CK K = C + 273 EX: 20 C K = 20 + 273 = 293 K

KC C = K 273 EX: 5 K C = 5 273 = -268 C

Change of State
vaporization 100
Heat of fusion

condensation
melting 0 -20 freezing

Heat of vaporization

Increasing Heat Energy (Joules) *As heat is added to a substance it will either be absorbed to raise the temperature OR to change the state of matter. *It can NEVER do both at the same time! *Temperature will NOT change during a phase change!

Specific Heat
The amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (or kg) of a substance by 1C (or 1 K).

FYI
Substances with higher specific heats, such as water, change temperature more slowly.

Specific Heat ( add this formula and the spec. heat data (next slide) to your new Yellow formula chart ) Formula Q = Cm T Units Q=J C = J/kg*C or K m = kg T = C or K Reminder () = ( Tf Ti )

SPECIFIC HEATS AT 25C

Substance
Water (l)
J/kg*K

Substance J/kg*K
Copper 385

4186

Steam
Ethanol (l) Aluminum Carbon

1870
2440 897 709

Gold
Iron Mercury Lead Silver

129
449 140 129 234

Ammonia (g) 2060

Solve the Problem

A 0.59 kg brass candlestick has an initial temperature of 98 C. If 2.11 E4 Joules of energy is removed for the candlestick to lower its temperature to 6.8 C, what is the specific heat of the brass? Think! Order of operation: 1. What variable are you solving for? ____ 2. Write out the original formula and the givens. 3. Is there a need to re-write the formula? 4. Solve and put the proper unit w/ answer

Solving the Problem

1. Solve for variable C = specific heat. 2. Formula Q = C m T Givens : m = .59 kg Q = 2.11 E4 J T = ( 6.8C 98C ) C = J / Kg * C 3. Re-write formula to solve for C C=Q/mT 4. Solve C = 2.11 E4 J / .59 kg * - 91.2C C = 2.11 E4 J / - 53.8 kg * C C = -392.2 J / kg * C * Why is the specific heat a negative #?

Latent Heat
(Latent) Heat of fusion the heat energy needed to melt (solidliquid) or freeze (liquid solid) one gram (or kg) of a substance. EX:For water: Hf =334,000 J/kg or 80 cal/g
Hf = heat of fusion, J/k

( solidliquid ) OR ( liquidsolid )
Melt Freeze

Latent Heat cont.

(Latent) Heat of vaporization the heat energy needed to vaporize (liquidgas) or condense (gasliquid) one gram (or kg) of a substance.

EX:For water: Hv = 2.26 x 105 J/kg or 540 cal/g

Hv = heat of vaporization, J/kg ( liquidgas ) OR ( gasliquid ) Vaporize Condense

Latent Heat Phase Changes add these formulas and info to your YELLOW formula chart

Q = mHf

Q = mHv

Q = heat absorbed or released, J

m = mass of substance changing phase, kg Hf = Heat of Fusion, Given in J/kg

Hv = Heat of Vaporization, Given in J/kg

Thermodynamics The study of changes in thermal properties of matter Follows Law of Conservation of Energy 1st Law of Thermodynamics the total increase in the thermal energy of a system is the sum of the work done on it and the heat added to it (also called Law of conservation of energy)

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

All natural processes go in a direction that increases the total entropy of the universe. Entropy - a measure of the disorder of a system. If heat is added, entropy is increased. If heat is removed, entropy is decreased. Work with NO T, entropy is unchanged.

PRACTICE PROBLEM WORKSHT.

Complete the practice problem worksheet for Temperature conversions Specific Heat Heat of Fusion/Vaporization

Due Date: Mon. March 28th