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What is Personality?
People differ from each other in meaningful ways People seem to show some consistency in behavior
Personality is defined as distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting
Personality
Personality refers to a persons unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions Personality should include external appearance and behaviour . Personality is an interaction between biology and environment
Genetic studies suggest heritability of personality Other studies suggest learned components of personality
UNSTABLE
Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Active melancholic choleric
INTROVERTED
EXTRAVERTED
phlegmatic sanguine Passive Sociable Careful Outgoing Thoughtful Talkative Peaceful Responsive Controlled Easygoing Reliable Lively Carefree Even-tempered Leadership Calm
STABLE
Personality Traits
Traits are relatively stable and consistent personal characteristics Trait personality theories suggest that a person can be described on the basis of some number of personality traits
Allport identified some 4,500 traits Cattel used factor analysis to identify 30-35 basic traits Eysenck argued there are 3 distinct traits in personality
Extraversion/introversion Neuroticism Psychotocism
MMPI: examples
Nothing in the newspaper interests me except the comics.
I get angry sometimes.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic theory, as devised by Freud, attempts to explain personality on the basis of unconscious mental forces
Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of some aspects of our mental states Freud argued that personality is made up of multiple structures, some of which are unconscious Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause us anxiety; our personality develops defense mechanisms to protect against anxiety
Freudian Theory
Levels of consciousness
Conscious
What were aware of
Structures of Personality
Id
Operates according to the pleasure principle
Preconscious
Memories etc. that can Ego be recalled Operates according to the reality principle Unconscious Superego Wishes, feelings, impulses that lies Contains values and beyond awareness ideals
Freudian Theory
Anxiety occurs when:
Impulses from the id threaten to get out of control The ego perceives danger from the environment
Social/Cognitive Perspective
Proposed that each person has a unique personality because of our personal histories and interpretations shape our personalities Albert Banduras social-cognitive approach focuses on self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism. Julian Rotters locus of control theory emphasizes a persons internal or external focus as a major determinant of personality.