Solubility

Solubility: A property of a solute; the concentration of a saturated solution of a solute in a solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.

Define: solution, solvent, solute. Solutions; electrolytes vs. non-electrolytes Solutions: acids, bases, neutral . Commons solvents: water, alcohol, hydrocarbons. What determines: which solute dissolves in which solvent? Will salt dissolve in water, alcohol or hydrocarbon? Read 273 280 qu. 3, 4 on 280

Saturated: A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature. Unsaturated: A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature. Supersaturated:
Sometimes a saturated solution may be heated to dissolve extra solid and then carefully cooled to the original temperature without reappearance of the extra solid. This solution is not stable because the addition of a small crystal or agitation of the solution may cause crystallization to occur. A solution which contains more dissolved solute than it would if it were saturated is said to be a supersaturated solution.

Test For Saturation: A small crystal of the solute is stirred with the solution. If the crystal becomes smaller, the solution was unsaturated. If it becomes larger, the solution was supersaturated. If it stays the same size, the solution is saturated. Effect of Temperature on Solubility (solids): However, energy is usually required for solids to dissolve in liquids. Thus, solids are usually more soluble in warmer than in cooler liquids. The required heat energy is used mainly to enable the solute particles to break away from the crystals. Often, the effect of temperature on the solubility of a solid in a liquid is shown by its solubility curve.

Solubility of Gases In the case of gases dissolved in liquids, rising temperatures cause the gas molecules to leave the liquid. Thus the solubility of gases in liquids decreases as the temperature of the solution is increased.

Solubility in Water 1. Solubility of Solids as temp 2. Solubility of Gases as temp 3. Elements generally do not dissolve 4. Solubility of Lithium carbonate as temp 5. Liquids in liquids, polarity plays a large part of solubility Immiscible Two liquids that form separate layers instead of dissolving Miscible: Liquids that mix in all proportions and have no maximum concentration

Crystallization

(dont need to copy, but cool to know)

Example from text is honey. The sugar crystallizes in the bottom as a result of a saturated solution of sugar. Also, stalactites and stalagmites in caves, forming from calcium carbonate crystallizing from ground water.

Solubility Categories High Solubility: With a maximum concentration at SATP of greater than or equal to 0.1 mol/L Low Solubility: With a maximum concentration at SATP of less than 0.1 mol/L Insoluble: A substance that has a negligible solubility at SATP

Solubility Rules (you WILL need to know this!)

Solubility Rules NO3- Cl- SO42- CO32- OH- All nitrates are soluble. All chlorides are soluble except AgCl, Hg2Cl2, and PbCl2. Most sulfates are soluble. Exceptions include BaSO4, PbSO4, and SrSO4. All carbonates are insoluble except NH4+ and those of the Group 1 elements. All hydroxides are insoluble except those of the Group 1 elements, Ba(OH)2, and Sr(OH)2. Ca(OH)2 is slightly soluble. All sulfides are insoluble except those of the Group 1 and Group 2 elements and NH4+.

S2-

Hard Water
Hard water does not allow you to form soap foam or lather When water travels through the soil and rock it dissolves some of the minerals from the rock, such as metal cations, like: (primarily due to calcium and magnesium) Calcium (Ca2+) Magnesium (Mg2+) Iron (II) (Fe2+) Iron (III) (Fe3+) Manganese (Mn2+) Expressed as ppm

Water Softening Water is softened by removing the calcium and magnesium ions Freshwater Treatment at Municipal Levels Soda-lime process: Na2CO3 (aq) + Ca(HCO3)2 (soda)
(aq)

CaCO3 (aq) + 2 NaHCO3 (aq)

(slaked lime)

Soda and slaked lime are added, which after a series of reactions, the calcium and magnesium ions ppte out as carbonates

Water Softening at Home Done by ion exchange:

Water the universal solvent (why?) We all know that water is important but 75% of Americans

are chronically dehydrated. (Likely applies to half world pop.) In 37% of Americans, the thirst mechanism is so weak that it is often mistaken for hunger. Even MILD dehydration will slow down one's metabolism as much as 3%. One glass of water shut down midnight hunger pangs for almost 100% of the dieters studied in a U-Washington study. Lack of water, the #1 trigger of daytime fatigue. Preliminary research indicates that 8-10 glasses of water a day could significantly ease back and joint pain for up to 80% of sufferers. A mere 2% drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short-term memory, trouble with basic math, and difficulty focusing on the computer screen or on a printed page. Drinking 5 glasses of water daily decreases the risk of colon cancer by 45%, plus it can slash the risk of breast cancer by 79%, and one is 50% less likely to develop bladder cancer. Are you drinking the amount of water you should every