The Atomic Theory

Unit 3 Honors Chemistry

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Discovering the Atoms

Democritus (~400 BC)

Greek philosopher Thought that all matter was made of small particles. Called them ATOMS which were indivisible and indestructible.

Discovering the Atoms

Antoine Lavoisier (1789)

Law of Conservation of Mass Mass can neither be created nor destroyed! Law of Definite Proportions Compounds always contain the same proportion of elements by mass.

Joseph Proust (1797)

Discovering the Atom

John Dalton (1803)

English Scientist who created the first Atomic Theory:

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All matter is made of atoms. Atoms of an element are identical in size and mass. Atoms of different elements can mix physically or combine chemically. In reactions, atoms combine, separate or rearrange. Atoms cannot be divided, created or destroyed.

John Daltons Atom

Discovering the Atom

JJ Thomson (1897)

Performed the cathode ray experiments Discovered electrons Said electrons are embedded throughout the atom. Plum Pudding Model The atoms contained positively-charged material, with negatively-charged electrons in it.

Discovering the Atom

R.A. Millikan (1909)

The Oil Drop Experiment Calculated the specific mass and charge of the electron. Mass = 9.109 x 10-28 kg

Discovering the Atom

Ernest Rutherford (1911)

The Gold Foil Experiment Fired alpha rays (+) at a sheet of gold foil. Most of the rays passed through, but some bounced back! Conclusions The atom is mostly empty space A dense, positivelycharged nucleus is in center of each atom

Discovering the Atom

Eugene Goldstein (1886)

Observed a Carthode Ray Tube Some particles travelled to the negative end. Discovered the proton! 1840 times bigger than an electron.

Discovering the Atom

Neils Bohr (1922)

Planetary Model of the Atom Electrons move in definite orbits around the nucleus Each energy level is located at a certain distance from the nucleus

Discovering the Atom

James Chadwick (1932)

Discovered the neutron. No Charge Same mass as the proton.

Discovering the Atom

Enrico Fermi (1942)

Successfully split the atomic nucleus Paved the way for nuclear power and weapons.

Atomic Structure

EVERYTHING is made of ATOMS!

Understanding the atom helps us understand how everything works. Understanding the structure of the atom helps us understand how it does what it does.

Atomic Structure

The Atom is mostly empty space.

A tiny, positively charged nucleus in the center. Even tinier, negatively charged electrons whirling around it.

Atomic Structure

The Nucleus

Makes up 99.99% of the atoms mass. About 1 fm wide (10-15) Composed of Protons and Neutrons.

Atomic Structure

Protons (p+)

Positively-Charged Particle 1 amu (10-27 kg) Determines the type of element. Carries NO CHARGE! 1 amu (10-27 kg) Holds the nucleus together with strong forces.

Neutrons (n0)

Atomic Structure

Electron Clouds

Shows the probable location of an electron. Lowest energy level is closest to the nucleus. Negatively-Charged Particle 0 amu (10-31 kg) Determines the chemical properties of the element.

Electrons (e-)

Identifying Elements

Atomic Number (Z)

The Number of Protons in an Element Every element has a different Atomic Number! In a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

Mass Number (A)

The number of Protons + the number of Neutrons

Identifying Elements

Z=

+ #p

#e
0 n

A=Z+ 0 = A - Z n

Changing Elements

Elements

Different numbers of protons. Different numbers of electrons. Lose an e- Positive Ion Gain an e- Negative Ion Different numbers of neutrons. Hydrogen has Three Isotopes Unstable isotopes are radioactive!

Ions

Isotopes

Average Atomic Mass

Accounts for the abundance of each isotope. The number found on the periodic table.

Atomic Mass = (0.7890)(24 amu) + (0.1000)(25 amu) + (0.1110)(26 amu)