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GROUP MEMBERS : Rosnitah Bt Yacob D20091035118 Nur Eliana Bt Mohmad Noor D20091035093 Nurushuhada Bt Yahya D20091035102 Phua Wan Jien D20091035
Bacteria as a Prokaryote
Later, prokaryote divided into bacteria and archae due to the genetic evidence
How prokaryote differ from eukaryote?? lack of intracellular organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast,
Bacteria diverse group of organisms that differ in size, shape, habitat, and metabolism
Much of the knowledge about bacteria come from the studies of diseases-causing bacteria
Gram staining-method of differentiatingbacterialspecies (Gram-positiveandGram-negative). based on the chemical and physical properties of theircell walls. Detectspeptidoglycan, which is present in a thick layer in Gram positive bacteria. Gram positive purple/blue color Gram negative pink/red color.
Abacteriologicallaboratorytechnique -used to differentiatebacterialspecies into two add clip art groups (GramClick icon to large positiveandGram-negative) based on the physical properties of theircell walls. Gram staining is not used to classify archaea, formally archaeabacteria, since these microorganisms yield widely varying responses that do not follow their phylogenetic groups.
Gram-positive bacteria thick mesh-like cell wall made ofpeptidoglycan(50-90% of cell wall), which are stained purple by crystal violet Gram-negative bacteria thinner layer (10% of Click icon to add clip art cell wall), which are stained pink by the counterstain. There are four basic steps of the Gram stain: applying a primary stain (crystal violet) to a heat-fixed (death by heat) smear of a bacterial culture the addition of a trapping agent (Gram'siodine) rapid decolorization withalcoholoracetone, and counterstainingwithsafranin.
GLYCOCALYX
CAPSULES
FUNCTIONS
CAPSULES Considered a virulence factor - enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease (prevents by phagocytosis). Capsules make bacterial surface components more slippery, helping the bacterium to escape engulfment by phagocytic cells Hydrophilic and help the bacterium avoid desiccation (dehydration)
A layer that lies outside the cell wall Well organized layer, not easily washed off Attached tightly to the bacterium and has definite boundaries Usually polymers of simple sugars (polysaccharides)
Purpose : motility Structures : long specialized appendages which rotate by means of a motor Located : under cytoplasmic membrane May have one, a few or many flagella in different position on the cell
BACTERIAL CONJUGATION
PILUS
CYTOPLASM
The cytoplasm is where the organelles carry out the processes necessary for the life of the bacterium. The components of the cytoplasm are responsible for cell growth, metabolism, elimination of waste and replication (reproduction) of the cell.
The DNA appear as long coil distributed through the cytoplasm. Mostly DNA present as a single, circular chromosome. But, some consist 2 chromosomes, some linear form. Consist plasmid. (carry auxiliary information) Sequence of bases in the DNA determined bacteria. Exp: Mycoplasma gallinarum (580,000 base pairs) E. coli (4,700,000 base pairs) Myxococcus xanthus (9,140,000) Bacterial DNA contains 4 nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Thymine (T)
Cytoplasmic structures
High concentrations of enzymes, metabolites, and salts. Ribosomes scattered throughout the cytoplasm But smaller, have fewer constituents compare to ribosomes of eukaryotic cells Can be inhibited by antibiotics Consists numerous inclusion bodies, or granules in the bacterial cytoplasm. Not enclosed by membrane and served as storage vessels. Possess lipid droplets that contain polymeric esters of poly-hydroxybutyric acid. Storage granules produced under favourable growth conditions. Consumed after nutrients have been depleted from the medium. Aquatic bacteria produces gas vacoule. Consist internal membranous.
Biotypes of bacteria
Distinguishable by serological tests. Identify bacteria by the presence of specific molecules on their surfaces, detected by antibodies. Antibodies are serum protein that bind very tightly to foreign molecules(antigens). Antibodies have remarkable specificity. Bacteria able to respond effectively to the intense defensive actions of the immune system.