Introduction

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Course Description
Title of Subject : Disciplines : Term : Effective : Pre-requisites : Assessment : Sessional Work: 20% Marks : Theory: 100 Credit Hours : 4 Minimum Contact Hours : 52 Analog & Digital Communication Electronic Engineering (6th Term) 09ES-Batch and onwards Co-requisite: Written Examination: 80% Practical: 50 2 26
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Sessional Work
?? Quizzes ?? Assignments 2 Class tests
(Aims & objectives of this course + recommended books available on the website: http://www.muet.edu.pk/departments/electronicsengineering/course-outline)
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About me
Khuhed Memon (Lecturer Dept of ES & BM MUET) MS Signal Processing (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore) BE Electronics (Pakistan Navy Engineering College, National University of Sciences & Technology, Pakistan)
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Class style
Interactive: Discussions + questions in class, email, office..

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Contact Info:
Office: LEADERS @ IT Building
E-mail: khuhedkk@hotmail.com *best way to communicate : e-mail

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Enjoy the course

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This lecture
Concept of Signal Processing Introduction to Signals Classification of Signals Basic elements of SP System Analog to Digital Conversion
Sampling Quantization

Nyquist Theorem Applications of Signal Processing

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Signal Processing
Representation, transformation, manipulation of signals and the information they contain. Classification: Depends upon the type of signal to be processed.
Analog Signal Processing Digital Signal Processing
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Signal Processing
Analog SP Continuous time signals are processed.
Digital SP Discrete - time discrete - valued signals processed by digital computers or other data processing machines.
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Signal??
Any indication / information A change in which some information is residing

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Classification of Signals
Continuous-time / Discrete-time Signals Continuous-valued / Discrete-valued Signals Deterministic / Random Signals One-dimensional / Multi-dimensional Signals

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Fundamental SP system
Most signals Analog in nature. Analog to Digital Converter is used as an interface between analog signal and Digital Signal Processor.
Analog Input Signal Analog

A/D Converter

Digital Signal Processor

Output Signal

D/A Converter

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A-D Conversion
1. Sampling First step in going from analog to digital. In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuoustime signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal).
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Sampling

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Nyquist Theorem
In order the samples represent correctly the analog signal, the sampling frequency must be greater than twice the maximum frequency of the analog signal: fs2FM The limiting frequency 2FM is called Nyquist rate.
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Aliasing (Time Domain)

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Aliasing (Frequency Domain)

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Methods of avoiding Aliasing

To avoid aliasing, there are two approaches: One is to raise the sampling frequency to satisfy the sampling theorem. The other is to filter off the unnecessary highfrequency components from the continuous-time signal. We limit the signal frequency by an effective low-pass filter, called anti-aliasing prefilter, so that the highest frequency left in the signal is less than half of the intended sampling rate.
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General DSP System

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Quantization

Slide 143 CCN module 2 MIT OCW

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Companding or Non-linear Encoding

Companding = compressing + expanding Why companding? Quantization levels not evenly spaced Reduces overall signal distortion Can also be done by companding

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Applications of SP
RADAR SONAR Medical Image Processing
Pattern recognition Edge detection

Audio Signal Processing

Speech generation Speech recognition Speaker identification

Telecommunications
Multiplexing Compression Echo control
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