SUMMARY

International migration (export/import of manpower) is considered to be one of the most defining global issues The reasons behind international migration are a lack of opportunities, political and economic instability and the exploitative employers it has both positive and adverse effects foreign remittances creates a void in the infrastructure

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS BRAIN DRAIN : human capital flight. The Importance of Skills and Education for Development and the Importance of the Brain Drain:
Human, social and institutional capacity Skilled labor is of crucial importance for developing countries. The Brain Drain, as the flow of skilled professionals out of developing countries has become known, thus marks a potentially serious barrier to economic growth, development and poverty reduction.

ACADEMIC BRAIN DRAIN :

Pure research. Innovation. The translation of research and innovation into useful or commercially exploitable ideas, products and organizational development. Building the capacity of others

Factors which might offset the Impact of the Brain Drain: Education inducement effects Technology and knowledge transfer Remittances

Costs for the Source Countries: Increases the scarcity of highly needed skilled labor. Reduces long-run economic growth and income. Public funds spent on higher education in order to promote growth may be to a large extent inefficiently applied

Brain gain: A home benefit: World Bank close to 200 million people are living outside of their home countries, with remittances estimated to reach about US$ 225 billion in 2005.

Causes of brain drain: Pull factors Higher wages. Job opportunities. Relatively good working conditions. Freedom from political instability or oppression. Push Factors include: A lack of life chances. Low living standards. Political and social instability or repression. A lack of opportunities to utilize skills. Natural disasters and environmental or ecological deterioration

Measures for Reversing Brain Drain: Delaying emigration Emigration can be inhibited either in the destination or source countries Make it worthwhile for highly trained professionals to stay. Replace them with competent locals at a rate faster than their departure Recruiting foreign personnel in key segments Return of Talent Developing a brain gain network

ANALYSIS
Brain drain is the favorite of all in Pakistan keeping in view the lack of funds, research, laboratories, preferential treatment in awarding scholarships/jobs and the list goes on.
Education and Human Development
Rank Country Public Life Expenditure on Expectancy Education % at Birth in of Years GDP 9.4% 48.3% Adult Literacy % of ages 15 and above2 39% Combined Gross Enrolment Ratio 35% Education Index Human Developme nt Index

157

Pakistan

0.39

0.487

 According to Pakistans Overseas Employment Corporations report Pakistan has sent 125,521 professionals to 53 various countries. Pakistan is not alone exporter of workforce, India is also one of the biggest exporters of man power According to the study, India is the highest recipient of remittances with $27 billion, followed by China with $25.7 billion, Mexico with $25.1 billion and Pakistan with $6 billion (being the lowest due to the nonproductive conditions). In 2007 record-breaking remittances were received in Pakistan but they were invested in real estates and stock exchange economies both of which have collapsed

 Higher Education Commission (HEC) to convert brain-drain into brain-gain is also being damaged owing to inadequate policies of the new government. Migrate towards prosperous countries, including Canada, Australia, England, America, New Zealand, Germany and South Africa 50 to 60 per cent of the fresh graduates leave the country terrorism and economic crisis to pursue for better professional careers feeling of insecurity

 Wikipedia Encyclopedia, figures from the 2001 Canadian Census indicate that there are about 75,000 Canadians who claim Pakistani ancestry. General Secretary Pakistan Medical Association (PMA), Dr Samrina Hashmi, said that it is felt that MBBS graduates are produced for America. There is no career structure for medics. This is disgusting that a medical graduate starts his career with Rs 6,000 salary in Sindh, which is equivalent to the salary of a watchman General Secretary Karachi University Teachers Society, Prof Dr Abid Hasnain, said that current economic crisis, insecurity and political instability were the major causes behind brain drain in the country. He said, The teachers feel insecure professionally as there is lack of opportunity for them in the country

 According to official estimates of Pakistans Overseas Employment Corporation, close to 36,000 professionals, including doctors, engineers and teachers, have migrated to other countries in the last 30 years Research indicates that the number in recent years has increased around 45,000.
Student Entry to the UK

In 1999 Pakistan 3.1%

In 2000 3%

In 2001 4.3%

In 2002 5.3%

In 2003 7.8%

Immigration of Work Permit Holders and Dependants (1999-2003) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Employment for 12 Months or 25090 more Employment for less than 12 28445 Months Dependants of Work Permit 22645 holders

36290

50280

51525

44480

30785

34095

34995

36870

24970

27760

34495

37830

Total

76180

92045

108825 120115 119180

SUGGESTIONS
Every possibility to change the problems of brain drain from Pakistan into an opportunity China materialized the policy of converting brain drain into a fruitful opportunity. The overseas Chinese were given attractive opportunities at home especially attractive opportunities for investing their money and hence brought back. They played a very important role in strengthening the economy and society of China. Their average rate of return has been up to 50 %, which contributed not only to the brain-gain of the society but it also stabilized the economy of the country. Promote development and the reduction of poverty and inequality Promote the development of international protocols on recruitment Compensation for the loss of skilled labor Accentuate the potentially beneficial effects of skilled labor migration Promote and protect core labour standards

CONCLUSION
The number of Pakistanis who wish to settle abroad is rising every year and the ones who are actually capable of breaking loose are coincidentally the educated ones, contributing alarmingly to the growing crisis of the Pakistan. Unfortunately either the government does not realize the severity of the problem or prefers to ignore it like so many other issues. The core problems are lawlessness, inequitable distribution of wealth and discrimination. All eyes are on us even the smallest of bad incidents are being over highlighted by the media. Especially the international media and with each bad news we are being given a minus 1 for being a Pakistani. Whatever the solution it needs to come fast and it needs to be come now. Pakistan should devise such plans, initiate projects, develop industries, strengthen educational and vocational institutes of every field so much so that it, as a member of international community

When the educated are away, the uneducated will play as they are playing at the moment.