BLOOD SUCKING FLIES

BLOK TROPICAL MEDICINE

TRI WULANDARI K.

MATERIAL

Sand flies (Order Diptera: SubFamily Phlebotominae) Black flies (Order: Diptera, Family: Simuliidae) Biting midges (Order: Diptera, Family: Ceratopogonidae) Horse flies (Order: Diptera, Family: Tabanidae) Tsetse flies (Order: Diptera: Family: Glossinidae) Deer flies (Order: Diptera, Family: Tabanidae)

Sand flies (Order Diptera: SubFamily Phlebotominae)

Sand fly larvae inhabit places where there is high organic matter such as in animal burrows, termite hills and tree holes. Members of the genus Phlebotomus transmit trypanosome species in the genus Leishmania causing diseases known leishmaniasis. Also transmit bartonellosis and sand fly fever Vector: Female sandflies (30 species of Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia) in inter-tropical and temperate regions.

Biology

Morphology: Minute size, hairy apperence, large black eyes, long legs, vein2 branches twice of wing Life cycle: eggs deposited in crack, holes larvae (I-IV: 19-60 days) pupae: 2pair of caudal bristles (5-10 days) adult Adult behavior:
Male & female suck sugary secretion (plant juice) Female suck blood :
animal and human during the day in darkened

(exophagic/endophagic)

room / forest

LIFE CYCLE OF LEISHMANIASIS

Blackflies (Order: Diptera, Family: Simuliidae)

Female blackflies feed on mammals and birds and can form large swarms that can be extremely troublesome. The larvae of black flies are filter feeders found attached to rocks at the bottom of rivers and streams. As vector of Onchocerca

volvulus, Mansonella oozardi

Biology of Simulium

External Morphology:

Life cycle:

small flies (1,5-4 mm); humped thorax ; black colour, sexed by examination of the eyes (dichoptic in female, holoptic in male), short and without hair of antennae. Eggs laid in vegetable, rock and stones in the river (100-500)(12 days) larvae attach to some material in water (by anal sucker)(6-12 days) pupae (2-7 days) adult (female can fly 15-30 km) to obtain blood meals. Biting peak in the morning, afternoon, cloudy and thundery weather. Part of the body preferences for feeding: legs, head and torso. No species bite people alone (ornithophagic and zoophagic) S. damnosum, S. sirbanum, S. sanctipauli

Adult behavior:

Important species:

Life cycle of Onchocerciasis

Onchocerciasis

Hanging Groin

River Blindness

Biting midges (Order: Diptera, Family: Ceratopogonidae)

The smallest of the biting flies. Only female requires a blood meal in order to lay eggs. Victims: people, horses, cattle, sheep and poultry.

Genus: Culicoides Important Species:

C. grahami, C. furens, C. impunctatus

As vector of non lymphatic filariasis (Mansonella streptocerca)

Biology of Culicoides
Morphology

Small flies (0,5 mm), grey or yellowish colour, humeral pit of thorax, wing: dark-white spots or patches; Head: antennae plumose in male and pylose in female, mouth parts similar to those of Simuliids.

Life cycle

Fertilised females blood meal lay 60-70 eggs : moist, salty sand, saline ponds, streams or along beaches (10-12 days) (semiaquatic site) Larvae (feed on organic matter near the surface of the moist sand) (8-10 months) pupae (near the soil surface) Adults (in spring) and mate. Under favourable conditions, a complete life cycle takes in 3-4 weeks.

Adult behavior

Females disperse 1-2 km in search of a blood meal. blood feeding mainly during the night and the twilight hours.

Mansonella streptocerca

Life cycle of

Horseflies (Order: Diptera, Family: Tabanidae)

The largest biting flies that can be troublesome outdoors. Only female are suck blood. Besides feeding on blood, many of them have long probosces used in sucking nectar from plants. As vector of anthrax (Bacillus anthraxis) in both animal and human. Also transmit (mechanic vector) tularemia (Francisella tularensis). Bites: deep, painful, wound and bleeding of host.

Biology of Tabanus
Morphology
Large and strong body (medium-large size); brown, shiny colour; Head: large and semilunar, antennae shortly than head and stout (3 segment-arista); Sexed by examination of the eyes - Resting position: wing like a pair open scissors

Life cycle

- Eggs laid (5-7 days) larvae (semimoist area, feed other insect): 6-9 stadium (months-years) pupae (2-3 weeks) adult
Interrupted feeding behavior; peak: morning and afternoon; preference for dark object: abdomen, neck or sleeve.

Adult

Behavior

Transmission of Anthrax:

Transmission in wildlife and in humans occurs in one of three ways:

cuts in the skin (cutaneous) inhalation ingestion

Infected animals as well as carriers of the disease can shed spores in urine and feces. Transmission among susceptible animals may also occur through flies and mosquitoes. Humans get the infection through flies and also by contact with infected animals through either:

cuts or scratches in the skin the eyes, nose or mouth inhaling spores from contaminated objects such as hides of infected animals eating undercooked meat from an infected animal

Tsetse flies (Order: Diptera: Family: Glossinidae)

Tsetse

are found in tropical Africa and transmit sleeping sickness (African Trypanosomiasis) Species:
Glossina morsitans, G.

palpalis, G. pallidipes,
ect.

Biology of Tsetse

Morphology Tsetse flies are 614 mm long, excluding the proboscis. The pair of short antennae (3 segments ). The abdominal segments distend greatly after feeding. Males and females can only be distinguished by the genital organs. Life cycle L1 hatches within the uterus ('milk' glands) (2,5 days) mature larva (5 mm) burrows into the soil (1 hour) pupates (17-20 days) adult fly Feeding behavior The diurnal tsetse flies induced by breath and urine components of the host Orientate visually responding to moving than stationary hosts. Colours blue being particularly attractive. The bites result in a minimal skin reaction. Ingested blood (4080 ml) midgut into the crop (2 days) all of the blood is digested.

Sleeping sickness
Causal

Agents:

Protozoan hemoflagellates belonging to the complex Trypanosoma brucei. Two subspecies that are morphologically indistinguishable cause distinct disease patterns in humans:
T.

b. gambiense causes West African sleeping sickness. T. b. rhodesiense causes East African sleeping sickness. T. b. brucei, under normal conditions does not infect humans.

Life cycle

Deer flies/ Chrysops (Order: Diptera: Family: Tabanidae)

Morphology

Life cycle (4 months -2 years)

Medium size (9-11 mm), yellow-greenish colour of body, Head with semilunar eyes (holoptic-dichoptic), long antennae (3 segments), Wing with distincly banded Only female suck blood Eggs laid (100 -1000)(5-7 days) larvae (aquatic)(months-years) pupae (in dry ground)(2-3 weeks) adult Female suck blood in the day light Preference site: abdomen, neck or upper limb

Adult Behavior

Transmit Loaiasis Important Species:

C. silacea, C, dimidiata, C. distinctipennis (Africa)

LOAIASIS