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First introduced by Swedish physicist Erik Bergstrand (Geodimeter) in 1948. Used visible light at night to accurately measure distances of up to 40km. In 1957, the first Tellurometer, designed by South African, Dr. T.L. Wadley, was launched. The Tellurometer used microwaves to measure distances up to 80km day or night.
first models bulky and power hungry, they revolutionized survey industry which, until their arrival, relied on tape measurements for accurate distance determinations. The picture above shows the remote unit of the CA1000 Tellurometer, which was used
In vacuum the velocity of electromagnetic waves equals the speed of light. V = c/n n >1, n is the refractive index of the medium through which the wave propagates c is the speed of light = 299 792 458 m/sec
f = c/n or = cf/n Note that n in any homogeneous medium varies with the wavelength . White light consists of a combination of wavelengths and hence n for visible light is referred to as a group index of refraction. For EDM purposes the medium through which electromagnetic energy is propagated is the earths atmosphere along the line being measured. It is therefore necessary to determine n of the atmosphere at the time and location at which the measurement is conducted.
ng = 1+ ( 2876.04 + 48.864/2 +0.680/ 4 ) x 10-7 p is the atmospheric pressure in mm of mercury (torr) T is the dry bulb temperature in C and e is the vapor pressure Where e= e+de and e=4.58 x 10a, a=(7.5T)/(237.3+T), de=-(0.000660p (1+0.000115T) (T-T) and T is the wet-bulb temperature So measuring p, T and T will allow for the computation of n for a specific
+r
Amplitude
0
180
-r 360
270
A fraction of a wavelength can be determined from a corresponding phase angle Note: For = 0 the fraction is 0 For = 90 the fraction is For = 180 the fraction is For = 270 the fraction is For = 360 the fraction is 1
L = (m + p)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
B L p
Solving for the integer number (m) of whole wavelengths (Resolving the ambiguity in the number of whole wave lengths)
p3
6 7 8 9 10 11
2
5
p2
12
B L p1
Additional waves of known lengths 3 = k2 and 2 = k 1 (k is a constant), are introduced to measure the same distance L: L = (m3 + p3) 3 L =(m2 + p2) 2 L =(m1 + p1) 1 Determining p1 p2 and p3 by measuring phase angles 1 2 and 3 and solving the above equations simultaneously yields L ( Note: For L < 3 , m3 = 0).
Beam Splitter
Variable Filter
Transmitter
F4 F2 F3
F1
Interference Filter
Frequency Generator
Display
To obtain the phase angle the reflected signal phase is compared to the reference signal phase. Note also that the measured distance equals 2 x L.
Eventually EDMs were completely integrated into total stations Total stations allow for the direct input of temperature and pressure and automatic application of meteorological corrections Most of the current EDM instruments use LASER beams and passive optical reflectors, thus reducing the possibility of multipathing The latest models provide for reflector-less measurements, thus improving efficiency for certain applications
Remember: L = (m + p)
1. 2. 3. 4.
Measure AB, BC and AC AC + K = (AB + K) + (BC + K) K = AC- (AB + BC) If electrical center is calibrated, K represents the prism constant.
Blunders: Incorrect met settings Incorrect scale settings Prism constants ignored Incorrect recording settings (e.g. horizontal vs. slope)
Good Practice: Never mix prism types and brands on same project!!! Calibrate regularly !!!