SUBMITTED BY DELSY ROSE THOMAS SOORI.M.

SAHIB

Ancient Rome was built on the east, or left, bank of the Tiber on elevations (now much less prominent) emerging from the marshy lowlands of the Campagna. ROMANS AND THEIR EMPIRE GAVE CULTURAL AND POLITICAL SHAPE IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPE TILL TODAY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES CONSISTED GRABBING MORE WEALTH AND RICHES FROM COLONIES AND STORING IN CAPITAL OF ROME. PUBLIC LIFE BECAME IMPORTANT WITH THE CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS LIKE BASCILICA,AMPHITHEATERS,THERMAE ETC. GRANDUER AND MONUMENTAL SCALE BECAME THE CHARECTERISTICS OF THE LATER ROMAN CITIES.

The Greek architect Hippodamus of Miletus planned important Greek settlements such as Priene and Piraeus (now Pires). - father of town planning, he emphasized a geometric design for towns.  Religious and civic citadels were oriented so as to give a sense of aesthetic balance streets were arranged in a grid pattern  housing was integrated with cultural, commercial, and defense facilities. -

The Romans continued these principles. Their designs for monumental temples, arches, gymnasiums, and forums are classic examples of town planning based on strict regard for symmetry. Their colonial cities, planned as military camps called castras, grid of streets surrounded by rectangular or square defensive walls.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, cities declined in population and importance. From the 5th to the 14th century AD, medieval Europe planned towns around castles, churches, and monasteries, with informal street arrangements

Rome early planning origin Ancient Rome grew from a settlement founded around 700 BC on seven hills near the Tiber river. Its Capitol had a similar function to the Athenian acropolis. And its forums, with temples, baths, basilicas and colonnades were places for business and recreation. Many of these buildings were in the classical style copied from Greece. Unlike Rome itself, many cities and towns of the Roman Empire were planned, but mainly as military camps. They featured a grid with a forum at the centre, and baths.

monumental structures such as the Flavian Amphitheatre (now called the Colosseum), the Forum of Trajan and the Pantheon.  The city also had several theaters, gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels. Throughout the territory under ancient Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, there were imperial residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word "palace" is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into insulae (apartment blocks).

The city of Rome was the largest megalopolis of that time - with a population exceeded one million people - 450,000 to 3.5 million The public spaces in Rome  Historical estimates indicate that around 20 % of population under the jurisdiction of the ancient Rome lived in innumerable urban centers, with population of at least 10,000 and several military settlements, a very high rate of urbanization by preindustrial standards. The most urbanized part of the empire was Italy, which had an estimated rate of urbanization of 32%, the same rate of urbanization of England in 1800.  Most Roman towns and cities had a forum and temples and same type of buildings, on a smaller scale, as found in Rome. The large urban population required an endless supply of food which was a complex logistical task, including acquiring, transporting, storing and distribution of food for Rome and other urban centers.  Aqueducts were built to bring water to urban centers and wine and oil were imported from Hispania, Gaul and Africa

ARCHITECTURE IN ROME
Rome borrowed heavily from Greece in designs and proportions. the use of vaults and arches together with a sound knowledge of building materials enabled them to achieve unprecedented successes in the construction of imposing structures for public use. Examples include the aqueducts of Rome, the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla, tthe basilicas and perhaps most famously of all, the Colosseum. They were reproduced at smaller scale in most important towns and cities in the Empire. Some survivals are almost complete, such as the town walls of Lugo in Hispania Tarraconensis, or northern Spain. based upon the requirements of Roman religion. For example the Pantheon was an amazing engineering feat created for religious purposes, and its design (the large dome and open spaces) were made to fit the requirements of the religious services. Some of the most impressive public buildings are the amphitheatres, over 220 being known. They were used for gladiatorial contests, public displays, public meetings and bullfights, the last of which survives in Spain.

AQUADUCT
The Roman use of the arch and their improvements in the use of concrete facilitated the building of the many aqueducts throughout the empire, such as the magnificent Aqueduct of Segovia and the eleven aqueducts in Rome itself, such as Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus.

An aqueduct, properly speaking, is the entire conduit - from fresh water spring to town. (CONDUITA natural or artificial channel through which fluids may be conveyed). Where aqueducts had to cross valleys, some were built above ground, on arches. Most of the time, they were underground conduits, and sometimes conduits lying right on the ground.  These conduits could be made of clay or wood, covered or encrusted with stone. The pipes inside the conduits, that carried the water, were made of lead, which in turn required vast mining enterprises and then transportation to get all this pipe out into the field all over the empire, although most of the lead was mined in Spain.

HOUSING
Impressive housing and public hygiene for the age eg:- are baths and latrines (public or private) developments in under-floor heating, in the form of the hypocaust, double glazing (examples in Ostia) and piped water (examples in Pompeii). the multi-story apartment blocks called insulae - catered wide range of situations. large scale accommodation - several floors in height. (often dangerous, unhealthy and prone to fires) Eg:- Roman port town of Ostia which date back to the reign of Trajan which catered for a variety of needs and markets.

housing on Via della Foce:

large scale real estate development made to cater for up-and-coming middle class entrepreneurs.  Rather like modern semi-detached housing these had repeated floor plans intended to be easily and economically built in a repetitive fashion.  Internal spaces - relatively low-cost yet functional and with decorative elements reminiscent of the detached houses and villas Each apartment had its own terrace and private entrance. External walls were in "Opus Reticulatum" whilst interiors in "Opus Incertum" which would then be plastered and possibly painted.- in alternate red n yellow n panels.

Roads in Rome
The Romans built thousands of miles of wonderful roads, to connect every part of the empire back to Rome. To help people find their way, while traveling these roads, the Romans more or less invented the milestone which grew increasingly wordy, and increasingly tall, to be easily readable from a vehicle. Some are 6 feet tall

There seems to have been no formal traffic code, including what side of the road to drive on; but there were various laws about what you could and could not do on a given type and location of road, and when you could do it.

Innovation
started in the first century BC, with the invention of concrete - substitute for stone.  Tile-covered concrete quickly supplanted marble as the primary building material, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes rather than dense lines of columns suspending flat architraves. the colonnade screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a loadbearing wall. freed the floor plan from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment.

Ancient Roman concrete (opus cementicium) was a mixture of lime mortar, sand, water, and stones.  The ancient builders placed these ingredients in wooden frames where it hardened and bonded to a facing of stones or (more frequently) bricks. When the framework was removed, the new wall was very strong with a rough surface of bricks or stones. This surface could be smoothed and faced with an attractive stucco or thin panels of marble or other coloured stones called revetment. Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less costly than building solid stone buildings. The materials were readily available and not difficult to transport. The wooden frames could be used more than once, allowing builders to work quickly and efficiently.

TOWNS WERE TO BE FOUNDED ONLY ON THREE OCCATIONS: _MADE A LOCAL CAPITAL. -IT BECOMES A COLONIAL CENTRE. -IT BECAME AN IMPERIAL RESIDENCE. NORMS SHALL COMPLY WITH: FULFILING RELEGIOUS AUSPICES. DEFENCE REQURIMENTS. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS. RELEGIOUS AUSPICES INCLUDES -FIRST THE BOUNDARY OF THE TOWN OR THE CITY WALL WAS ESTABLISHED. -NEXT OF IMPORTANCE WERE THE TWO CROSS-ROADS: DECUMANUS E-W CARDIUS N-S -THESE WERE AT THE CARDINAL DIRECTIONS ,REPRESENTING THE SUN, AND TO BE GOOD FOR MILITARY PARADE THE FORUM ie THE CENTRAL AREA WAS DEVELOPED AT THE CROSSING OF THE MAIN ROADS. THE REST OF THE TOWNS WAS Divided INTO SQUARES OR RECTANGULAR PLOTS OF ONE SIDE EQUALING 120

PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTER
NO ISLAND INFORMATION BUT PENINSULAR SITE OF ITALY WITH FEW NATURAL HARBOURS. TOPOGRAPHY :PLAINS TO UNDULATING ALSO ROCKY IN CENTRAL PART OF THE PENINSULA. MEDITARANIAN CLIMATE CHARECTERISED BY GOOD FOREST COVER. GEOLOGY-SPECIFIC RECOURSES LI KE FOREST,LIMESTONE, VOLCANIC STONE,POZZOLONA ..

TECHNOLOGY
BORROWED TECHNOLOGY FROM GREEKS. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE WAS IMPROVED BY INVENTION OF LIME CONCRETE. ROMANS WERE CONSIDERED AS GREATEST AQUEDUCT BUILDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. THERE WERE NETWORKS OF ROADS SURFACED WITH STONE PAVING BLOCKS,ROCK FOUNTAINS,DDRAINAGE DITCH ON EACH SIDE AND WERE CROWNED TO SHED WATER.

DEFENCE REQUIREMENTS
THE TOWN MUST BE QUICK AND SIMPLE TO LAYOUT,AVOIDING ANY CURVATURE IN THE STREETS. THE TOWN MUST BE EASY TO POLICE AND DEFEND LONG DISTANCE VISIBILITY FOR EASY POLICING NEEDED ROADS TO BE STRAIGHT. THE ROADS MUST BE ATLEAST 8 WIDE.

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION
SETBACK OF 2 FROM BOUNDARIES ie IN CASE OF RECTANGULAR PLOT DIVISION THE MINIMUM SPACE BETWEEN BUILDING ON THE SIDES WAS 5. DRAINAGE WAS ELABORATELY PRESCRIBED. WATER SUPPLY WAS ALSO DULY CONSIDERED BROUGHT TO TOWN BY AQUEDUCTS AND BRIDGES. ALL CONSTRUCTION WITHIN THE TOWN WAS TO BE OF CONCRETE(LIME) AND STONE AND IN SPECIFIC CASES THEY MIGHT BE FACED BY BRICKS.

CHARECTERISTICS OF ROMAN TOWNS

EACH CITY OCCUPIES A COMMANDING SITE AND INCLUDES BUILDING WORKS OF ENORRMOUS SCALE AND IMPRESSIVE STYLISTIC QUALITY. CHESSBOARD PLANNING- EXPRESSING LAW AND ORDER. CROSSING OF PARALLEL AND EQUIDISTANT STREETS AT RIGHT ANGLES TO ONE ANOTHER, SQUARE HOUSE BLOCKS,120 EITHER SIDE. CROSS STREETS OCCASIONALLY STEPPED AND BRIDGED OVER STREAMS AROUND CITY. GENERALLY RECTANGULAR WALLED CITY,ENTERED BY SEVERAL GATES,SHOWING COMPLETE TOWN ORGANISATION. COLLANADED STREETS USUALLY N>S,COLUMNS AT 15 INTERVAL FOR SHOPS AND IMPORTANT HOUSES. CENTRAL AREA WAS OCCUPIED BY FORUM HAVING NO SHOPS AND SOMETIMES HAVING TEMPLE AND THEATRES NEARBY ONLY. AQUEDUCTS,SANITATION,PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS WERE EXELLENT FOR NOBLES. EXCELLENT BUILDING STONES OF ENORMOUS SIZE INCORPORATED IN THE CIVIC BUILDINGS.

VIEW OF A TYPICAL ROMAN TOWN

LAYOUT OF ROME

PLAN OF TIMGAD

TYPICALLY RIGID CHESSBOARD PLAN 355M*325 M,AREA=30 ACRES. PRINCIPALLY DESIGNED FOR RESIDENTIAL COLONY. ABUNDANT WATER SUPPLY. ELEVEN PARELLEL CROSS STREETS IN EITHER DIRECTION,WITH THE SURFACE TERRACING OVER UNDULATING GROUND. THIS GIVES AN UNPARALLEL COMPLETENESS IN ITS ARCHITECTURE AND MAGNETIC FEELING. THE FORUM(160*145),THE MARKET, TEMPLE SITE AND NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WERE ARTIFICIALLY RAISED ABOVE THE GENERAL STREET LEVEL. SOME HOUSES WERE AS BIG AS 200*300 THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS HAD PORTICOES COLLANADES AND OTHER FEATURES

CARTHAGE

example of town-planning in a Roman municipality of the western Empire, which is as important as it is abnormal.

shows a rectangular town-plan in a city which speedily became one among the three or four largest and wealthiest cities in the Empire The whole town stretched for some two miles parallel to the shore and for about a mile inland, and covered perhaps 1,200 acres SHAPE OF'insulae' appears to be without parallel in that age. It comes closest to the oblong blocks of Pompeii and of Naples.

The ground slopes down from hills towards the shore, and encourages the use of streets which run level along the slopes, parallel to the shore, and not more or less steeply towards it

The colony was in outline a rectangle of nearly 55 acres (480 x 560 yds.), and was divided up into fortyeight blocks by five streets which ran north and south and of these forty-eight blocks some must, of course, have been taken up by public buildings. They varied in size: the largest as yet planned measured 170 x 195 ft., or acre. . The streets were very broad (37-40 ft.); one, which may be the 'cardo maximums', measured as much as 47 ft. across. Beneath the main streets were sewers, in the usual fashion. Round the whole town stood strong walls, reinforced at regular intervals by square projecting towers; the four corners were not rounded but rectangular.

LAIBACH

Trier

Trier on the Mosel, in north-eastern Gaul (Augusta Treverorum, perhaps the largest Roman city in western Europe.  When its walls were built and its famous north gate, the Porta Nigra, was erected, included a space of 704 acres. These points yielded a regular plan of streets crossing at right angles  Thirteen streets were traced running east and west, and eight running north and south. The east and west streets, with two exceptions, lay some 320 ft. from one another. -The north and south streets varied, some observing that distance, -others being no more than 260 ft. apart. -As a result, the rectangular house-blocks varied also in size.

The largest seem to be those which fronted a street that crossed the town from east to west, from the Imperial Palace to the Baths and the West Gate, and corresponds roughly with the present Kaiserstrasse. This may well have been the decumanus, the main east and west street of the 'colonia', and hence the house-blocks fronting it may have been unusually large  One of them, near the Neumarkt, reached the awkward size of nearly 3 acres (320 x 460 ft.). Others elsewhere were smaller, many measuring 320 x 320 ft., and others again 320 x 245 ft., rather less than 2 acres. In general, the 'insulae' on the east and west sides of the town were larger than those in the centre.

not much more than 45 acres within the walls.

CAERWENT
 Land was probably valuable within it; its houses are packed closer, and its garden ground is smaller than at Silchester. It has a very similar Forum and Basilica, Temples, an Amphitheatre, and a large number of private houses which resemble closely those of Silchester. a rectangular street pattern, which, if it was carried through the whole town, would provide (including the Forum) twenty 'insulae'.  in some cases the houses seem to have encroached on and distorted the street-plan  It was the only town of Roman municipal plan in Britain which was swept by Atlantic breezes

Silchester

it was an irregular eight-sided area of 100 acres, defended by a strong stone wall, which was added long after the original foundation.  Internally it was divided up by streets which, except near the east gate, run parallel or at right angles to one another. Its buildings are: a Forum and Basilica, a suite of public baths, four small temples, a small Christian church, a hotel, and a large number of private BUILDINGS.

Its area is by no means filled with buildings. Garden ground must have been common and cheap, and the buildings themselves do not form continuous streets; they do not even front the roadway in the manner of houses in Italian towns. In these respects Silchester differs widely from any of the other examples which we have already considered, so far as their internal buildings - not call it a 'garden city',. It is an attempt to insert urban features into a country-side.

Most of it must have been laid out at once . At any rate, the area of which the 'insulae' form the corners, and the Forum the centre, must have been planned complete from the first. This covers just 40 acres, and is divided into rectangular plots of which the smallest covers a little less than an acre and a half, while the largest fall little short of 3 acres Outside this area, the division of the town into 'insulae' is less completely carried through, although most of the streets run straight on as far as the walls, and one or two details may tempt us to think that the division into 'insulae' was at some time extended beyond the line ultimately taken by the walls.

DETAILS OF FOUR INSULAE, THE FORUM AND THE CHURCH AT SILCHESTER

City Planning and Administration Summary

The population of ancient Rome at its peak was tremendous. To keep the inhabitants fed, provided with water, drainage and entertainment; to enable the people to move about in harmony with their neighbors, required a detailed, pragmatic and workable system of administrative law.

Ancient Rome is a comprehensive account of the running of a great city without modern technology. It will be of considerable interest to historians, archeologists and lawyers, as well as modern government specialists. _