CHAPTER 6 TRANSITION AND TRANSFER PREDICATES

Presented by Istiqomah Iksan Cahyana Ikhfi Imaniah

Transition
Transition predicates are verbs which express the going or coming from one place to another. The predicates have a valency of three or more. Examples: 1. The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford. 2. Carlo came to this country from Italy.

Transition
Explanation:
1. The bus goes from Greenville Argument 2 source to Stratford. Argument 3 goal Argument 1 Predicate theme action

The sentence above tells the movement of an inanimate object from one place: the source to another place; the goal.

Transition
Explanation:
2. Carlo came to this country from Argument 2 goal Italy. Argument 3 source Argument 1 Predicate actor action

The above sentence tells the movement of animate object from one place: the source to another place: the goal.

Transition
From
The source

To

The goal

Examples: 1. The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford. 2. Carlo came to this country from Italy

Transition
To is used to express the notion that the goal is simply a location. Examples: 1. The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford. 2. Carlo came to this country from Italy. Into is used to express the notion that the goal is an area which contains. Examples: 1. He emerged from the dark cellar into the bright sunlight. 2. He plunged from the bright sunlight into the dark cellar.

Transition
A sentence may express a path, a place or area between the source and the goal. Examples: 1. The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford by way of
theme source goal

Compton.
path

2. The boat drifted over the water from one place

theme path source

to another.
goal

Transition
The path is indicated by several prepositions: via, by way of, through, across or over. The theme or actor NP is subject of the sentence. To generalize sentences with transition verbs have this argument structure: transition verb

theme or actor

source

goal

path

Transition
Movement through space requires time. Example:
The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford.
Greenville (source) Time 0

Stratford (goal) Time +

Transition
The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford by way of Compton.
Greenville (source) Time 0 Stratford (goal) Time +

Compton

Transition
Pay attention to the sentences below!!!!!

1. The road goes from Greenville to Stratford by way Compton. 2. The driveway extends from the street to the garage. 3. Curtains hung almost from the ceiling to the floor.

Transition
In those sentences from and to introduce source and goal, respectively, but the road, driveway and curtains do not move from one to another, and so there is no Time Zero or Time Plus. The verbs extend, hang, spread are verbs of spatial extension. The predicates go, extend, and hang are verbs of pseudo-transition. The time frame for a predicate like extend is: extend Time
Theme at Source and Goal

Transition
What about this sentence?

Harrison returned to his hometown from the big city.

Transition
In this sentence three times are implied: which is earlier than Time Zero, Harrison was in his hometown, at Time Zero he was in the big city, and at Time Plus he was again in his hometown.
TimeTheme at Goal Time 0 Theme at Source Time + Theme at Goal

return

Transition
Common transition predicates
Unmarked: move Focus on Goal: get [general] come [goal is where speaker or addressee is or will be] go [goal is away from speaker] Focus on Manner: creep [animate subject; slow movement over a surface] rotate [wheel or globe; turn on an axis] gallop [subject is a horse or on in a horse, moving at the fastest gait] Focus on Path: drift [effortless movement in moving water]

Transition
Common transition predicates (con)
Focus on Path: float [seemingly effortless movement in water on air] fall [source is higher than goal; involuntary movement] Focus on Cause or Purpose escape [source is undesirable place] emigrate [as above; source-oriented] immigrate [as above; goal-oriented]

Transfer
Transfer verbs are the causative equivalent of the transition verbs. Examples: 1. Fenwick drives the bus from Greenville to Stratford. (Fenwick causes the bus to go) 2. Jane rowed the boat from one side of the river to the other. (Jane caused the boat to move).

Transfer
Transfer includes: Putting and removing a. Squirrels are stashing nuts in that oak tree. b. Thieves stole some money from the cash box. Giving and taking away c. Ronnie gave Rosie some flowers. d. The accident deprived Alex of his livelihood. Communicating something through language e. Mother told the children a story. f. Agnes is writing her mother letter.

Transfer
Study the following sentences.
1. Fenwick drives a bus from Greenville to Stratford by way of Compton. Agent theme source goal path

2. The King banished the rebels from his realm (to another land). Agent affected source goal

Transfer
The verb drive in sentence 1 is a predicate of transition, and this sentence has a causative meaning; Fenwick causes the bus to go from Greenville and of course he moves with the bus. Sentence 2 has the same role structure as sentence 1 but the King does not move with the rebels. Thus the two verbs can be distinguished. Drive can cause agent move while banish cannot.

Transfer
These are shown on the timescales below:
drive
Time 0 Agent and Theme at Source Time + Agent and Time at Goal

banish

Time 0 Theme at Source

Time + Theme at Goal

Transfer
Verbs expressing acts that change location of both Agent and theme are the following:
Unmarked: move Focus on Manner: drive [object=vehicle and subject=driver; or object=animal(s) and subject is behind the animal(s) convey [unmarked] haul [transfer in vehicle suggested] drag [subject moves object over a surface, object is inert] Focus on Goal bring [goal is the location of speaker, not necessarily at time of speaking] take [goal is not location of the speaker]

Transfer
Acts that change location of both Agent and Theme are the following: (con)
Focus on Aspect (involving some relation of time): restore [object was previously at goal]

Transfer
Verbs expressing acts that change location of theme are as the following:
Focus on Goal push [object is moved away from original position of agent] pull [object is moved toward agent] Focus on Source expel [agent=person of authority in source] evict [as above; source is dwelling, affected is a tenant] Focus on Path throw [object moves through air] lift [vertical movement upward] raise [vertical movement upward or into upright position] drop [vertical movement down; may be involuntary] lower [as above; voluntary]

Transfer

Study the following sentences.

1. We spread a red carpet from the sidewalk to the door. 2. The court restored the property to its lawful owner (from one who was not the lawful owner).

Transfer
In sentence 1 to spread something is to cause it to be simultaneously at Place X and Place Y, the Source and the Goal. In sentence 2 to restore something is to cause it to be in the same place or possession at Time Plus as it was at Time Minus at as it was at Time Zero. The timescale is as follows:
restore
Time Theme at Goal Time 0 Theme at Source Time + Theme at Goal

Transfer
With certain verbs the expression of the goals is all-important and the source is not important or specified. Examples: 1. The guard admitted us to the museum. 2. Nectar attracts bees to flowers. 3. The judge sentence the convicted man to jail.

Transfer
With some verbs-give, award and bequeath are examples- form is missing because the source appears as subject. Examples: 1. The team gave a present to Harry (gave Harry a present). 2. Our school awarded the trophy to Millie (awarded Millie the trophy). 3. Mrs Carson bequeathed her fortune to her servants.

Transfer
The argument structure for the verb give is illustrated as follows: give

agent=source

theme

goal

Transfer
The verbs as predicates with Theme to Goal or Goal Theme are:
Give [most common, least marked] Award [the object is a prize] Bequeath [the source is typically, but not necessarily, deceased, cf, inherit, below] Bestow [the source is the person of higher social position than the goal] Contribute[the source is one of several donors] Donate [the transfer is considered a worthy action] Entrust [the change is temporary] Grant [the source is a person of authority] Hand [the act is physical, the object is relatively small]

Transfer
The verbs as predicates with Theme to Goal or Goal Theme are: (con)
Lend Lose Sell Submit [the change is temporary; cf. borrow, below] [the change results from competition between source and goal] [money is involved in the act; cf. buy, below] [the goal is a person of authority; cf. grant, above]

Transfer
Read the sentences below!

1. Harry received a present from the team. 2. Millie accepted the trophy from our school. 3. Mrs Carsons servants will inherit a fortune from her.

Transfer
The verbs in the above sentences are the converse of those in the previous example (give, award, bequeath). Here the word to is missing because the subject names the goal; Harry, Millie and Mrs Carsons servants. The argument structure of the verb receive is as the following:

receive

goal

theme

source

Transfer
Time frame: Time 0, theme at source; Time +, theme at goal. Goal NP is subject, theme NP is object of the verb and the source NP is introduced by from. Typical verbs that fit here are:
Get Take [least marked] [the action may be legitimate or not; that is , can be equivalent to accept or to steal] Accept [the action is legitimate] Acquire [the circumstances of the action are vague] Borrow [the change is temporary; cf. lend] Collect [the object is plural or non-countable, or the act is habitual, the act is distributed] Inherit [the source is typically, but not necessarily, deceased] Obtain [the action is the result of effort by the goal] Receive [the act results from the kindness of the source] Steal [illegal act]

Transfer
I also have a sentence for you. Check it out!

This gift is for you from your fellow team members.

Transfer
If there is no verb-only forms of be- for introduces the goal. In other words, the preposition for acts as a sort of transfer predicate. for theme goal source

Transfer
Predicates such as march and walk occur with meanings of transitions (1,3) and meanings of transfer (2,4). 1. The platoon marched to the parade-ground. 2. The sergeant marched the platoon to the parade- ground. 3. Laura walked home. 4. Fred walked Laura home.

Transfer
The argument structures are as follows: Sentence 1 and 3 march, walk actor platoon Laura goal parade-ground home

Transfer
Argument structure con Sentence 2 and 4. march, walk agent actor goal parade-ground home

sergeant platoon Fred Laura

Transfer
Some transfer predicates undergo interesting changes in the way the accompanying arguments are presented. Compare load and pack in the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. We loaded lumber on (to) the truck. We loaded the truck with lumber. I packed some notes in (to) my briefcase. I packed my briefcase with some notes.

Transfer
Sentence 1 and 3 tell of putting something in a place; that something is affected by the action. actor 1 2 We I action load pack affected place lumber notes truck briefcase

Transfer
Sentence 2 and 4 seem to express the affecting of a place, and the objects in question are the means of affecting. actor action affected means 2 4 We I load pack truck briefcase lumber notes

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