Introduction

Hilfan Khairy
Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Outlines
1. Introduction 2. Gravity Method 3. Seismic Data Acquisition and Processing

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

Hydrocarbon exploration requires indirect means of both detection and measurement of the properties of rocks within the subsurface 1. The development of geologic analogs Understanding of the processes and principles of geology pertaining to the rocks in which hydrocarbons may occur and the frame work of basins in which these rocks may exist. 2. The application of geophysical techniques Geophysicists pursued indirect measurement techniques to develop pictures of the subsurface.

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

PETROLEUM INDUSTRY BREAKTHROUGHS

1883 1900s 1914 1924 1930s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Anticlinal Theory Rotary Drilling Seismograph Well Logging Offshore Drilling Digital Computer Directional Drilling 3D Seismic 3D Simulation
Basin and Reservoir 2D Subsurface imaging and data management Access to areas with surface obstacles More precise subsurface imaging Predicting fluid movement Concept of Where-to-Drill Where-toDrill deeper 1D Subsurface imaging Subsurface rock and fluid properties Access to new areas and basins

Hilfan Khairy JMA Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

There are three basic elements for hydrocarbon accumulation in the subsurface :

RESERVOIR TRAP SOURCE

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

What is Petroleum?

Petroleum: a natural yellow to black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath the earths surface Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

Petroleum System Elements PETROLEUM SYSTEM ELEMENTS

Anticlinal T rap

Top Seal Rock

(Impermeable)

Reservoir Rock
Potential Migration Route

(Porous/Permeable)

Source Rock

(Organic Rich)

24803 Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

Hydrocarbon traps requires the existence of :

1. a reservoir 2. an isolated region of low potential in the reservoir 3. a barrier (or seal) with high enough entry pressure to retain a commercially producible volume of hydrocarbons
Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

Three basic kinds of traps exist structural, stratigraphic, and hydrodynamic and that there may be combinations of any two or of all three kinds.

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

HYDROCARBON TRAP TYPES

Anticline Fault

Salt Dome
Pinchout

Unconformit y

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

PRIHADI SA / 2002

A hydrodynamic trap. Oil, attempting to escape to surface up a reservoir, is held against an unevenness of its upper surface by water flowing in the opposite direction. There is no structural or stratigraphic closure. Note that the oil-water contact is tilted down in the direction of water flow.
http://www.falw.vu/~rondeel/grondstof/oil/oil-total-web.html#_Toc531067608

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

PETROLEUM EXPLORATION

Surface Geology - Aerial photos - Geologic maps

Subsurface Analysis - Gravity - Magnetics - Seismic reflection - Wells

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

Silicon Graphics

Petroleum System Processes Petroleum System Elements

Gas Cap Oil

Entrapment
Accumulation

W ater

Seal Rock Reservoir Rock

Migration
120 F

Generation

Source Rock

350 F
24803

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

GEOPHYSICS

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

General Description
Natural Phenomena Mathematical Description Observation Physical Description - Physical model - Model parameter - Physics - Mathematic

- Instrumentation - Data acquisition - Numerical computation - Geology constrain

Rock physics and AVO-Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Dr. Hilfan Khairy

EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS
Exploration geophysics is the use of seismic, gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, etc., methods in the search for oil, gas, minerals, water, etc., with the objective of economic exploitation.
Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP

Reconnaisance Survey

Detail Survey

Drilling

Evaluation / Monitoring Well Logging Crosshole Survey VEP Survey

Schlumberger VES Survey MT Survey TEM Survey ELF VLF

Pole - Dipole

CSAMT Survey

Seismic Refraction Seismic Reflection Gravity & Magnetic Remote Sensing Satellite / Airborne Surface ( Real Time Geophysics ) Fluid Flow Tomography ( FFT ) Survey Hole - to - Surface Hole - to - Hole Borehole

( Geotomography ) 1000 km 100 km 10 km 1 km 100 m 10 m 1m 10 cm 1 cm

Regional

Basin

Structure

Stratification

Fracture

Texture Scale

TAHAPAN EKSPLORASI SUMBERDAYA ALAM

Hilfan Khairy Rock-Wave Imaging Research Group-UTP