EARTH AS A SPHERE

9.1 a Sketching Great Circles Through the North and South Poles 9.1 b Stating the Longitude of a Given Point 9.1 c Sketching and Labelling the Longitudes of Meridians 9.1 d Finding the Difference between Two Longitudes 9.2 a Sketching Circles Parallel to the Equator 9.2 b Finding the Difference between Two Latitudes 9.3 a Stating the Latitude and Longitude of a Point 9.3 b Stating the Location of a Point 9.3 c Sketching and Labelling the Latitude and Longitude of a Point 9.4 Distance between Two Points Along a Great Circle 9.4 a Finding the Length of an Arc of a Great Circle 9.4 b Finding the Distance between Two Points Along the Meridian 9.4 c Finding the Distance between Two Points Along the Equator 9.5 a Distance between Two Points Along a Parallel of Latitude 9.6 Shortest Distance between Two Points 9.7 Solving Problems

9.1 LONGITUDES
9.1a Sketching Great Circles Through the North and South Poles GREAT CIRCLE?

A great circle is a circle on the surface of the earth with the centre of the earth as its centre

9.1a Sketching Great Circles Through the North and South Poles
N

In the diagram, O is the centre of the earth, N is the North Pole and S is the South pole. Sketch a great circle which passes through the point P, North Pole and South Pole

9.1a Sketching Great Circles Through the North and South Poles
N

Great Circle

9.1a Sketching Great Circles Through the North and South Poles
N

In the diagram, O is the centre of the earth, N is the North Pole and S is the South pole. Sketch a great circle which passes through the point Q, North Pole and South Pole

Q O

9.1a Sketching Great Circles Through the North and South Poles
N

Q O

Great Circle

9.1 b Stating the Longitude of a Given Point

LONGITUDE 9.1 S

qOne-half of a great circle joining the North and the South Poles is called a meridian qTherefore, there are two meridians on any great circle passing through both poles qAll points which lie on the same meridian have the same longitude qThe meridian which passes through the Greenwich town in England is known as the Greenwich Meridian. Its longitude is 00.

The longitude of a meridian is determined by qthe angle between the plane of the meridian and the plane of the Greenwich Meridian, and qthe position of the meridian due east or due west of the Greenwich Meridian.

O Meridian x0 w S

Meridian (1800 x0)E

The longitude x0W and the longitude (1800 x0)E belong to the same great circle

Meridian (1800 x0)W S

Meridian x
0

The longitude x0E and the longitude (1800 x0)W belong to the same great circle

EXAMPLE

n the diagram, NGS the Greenwich Meridian and O is the entre of the earth. Given that POG = 300 nd QOG = 1200, state he longitude of

300 1200

a)the point P, b)the point Q, c)the point R.

SOLUTION Longitude of point P = 300W POG = 300 and point P lies due west of the Greenwich Meridian P G

O
300 1200

N SOLUTION R

O
300 1200

P Longitude of point Q = 1200E QOG = 1200 and point Q lies due east of the Greenwich Meridian

N SOLUTION R

O Longitude of point R = Longitude of point Q = 1200E Point Q and point R lie on the same meridian
300 1200

9.1 LONGITUDE
9.1 c Sketching and Labelling the Longitudes of Meridians
Sketch and label the meridian which has each of the following longitudes (a)1050E (b) (c)1050W

SOLUTION Meridian Greenwich, 00

N

1050E

o
1050

SOLUTION
N

Meridian Greenwich, 00

1050w

o
1050

Meridian Greenwich, 00

1120w

o
1120

Meridian Greenwich, 00

1180E

o
1180

9.1 LONGITUDE
9.1 d Finding the Difference between Two Longitudes
The difference between two longitudes can be determined by; qsubtracting the angles of longitudes if both the longitudes are due west (or due east) of the Greenwich Meridian, qadding the angles of longitudes if one of the longitudes is due east of the Greenwich Meridian and the other longitude is due west of the Greenwich Meridian.

EXAMPLE The difference between the longitudes of point P and point Q ? 800 - 500 = 300

P Q

S 00 R 1000E

800w

500w S

550E

EXAMPLE The difference between the longitudes of point R and point S ? 1000 - 550 = 450

P Q

S 00 R 1000E

800w

500w S

550E

EXAMPLE Greenwich The difference between the longitudes of point Q and point R ? 500 + 550 = 1050

P Q

S 00 R 1000E

800w

500w S

550E

N Greenwich

600 A

B Longitude =(60-10)0E =500E S

Longitude 100W

300 A B Longitude =(30 + 30)0E = 600E

Longitude 300 E

500 A B Longitude 400E S

Longitude 100 W

300 A B Longitude 1000w S

Longitude 1300 W

TOP VIEW FROM NORTH POLE

Longitude 1200 w

Longitude 600E

N
P

1200

600

00
GREENWICH

Longitude 1200 w O P

Longitude 600E

Diameter of earth S

9.2 LATITUDES

qThe Equator is the great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the earth qThe circles on the surface of the earth whose planes are parallel to the Equator are known as the parallels of latitudes

00

Parallels of latitudes

Equator S

9.2 LATITUDES
9.2 a Sketching Circles Parallel to the Equator LATITUDE ?

A latitude is the angle at the centre of the earth which is subtended by the arch of a meridian starting from the Equator to the parallel of latitude

9.2 LATITUDES
9.2 a Sketching Circles Parallel to the Equator LATITUDE ?

The angle also shows the position of the parallel of latitude due north or due south of the Equator

The latitude of point Q is x0N

x0N 0 y0 P
The latitude of point P is y0S

Q x0

00

y0S

The latitude of point Q is 300N

300N 0 300 P
The latitude of point P is 300S

Q 300

00

300S

9.2 LATITUDES
9.2 b Finding the Difference between Two Latitudes
The difference between two latitudes can be determined by; qsubtracting the angles of latitudes if both the parallels latitudes are due north (or due south) of the Equator qadding the angles of latitudes if one of the parallels of latitudes is due north of the Equator and the other parallel of latitude is due south of the Equator.

EXAMPLE H

N 800N 150N

n the diagram, H, L, M, and K are four points on the same Meridian. Calculate he difference in atitude between a) point H and point L, b) point L and point M, c) point M and point K.

0 M

00

230S

K S

650S

SOLUTIO N The difference between the latitudes of point H and point L ? L 800 - 150 = 650 M

N H 800N 150N

00

230S

K S

650S

SOLUTIO N The difference between the latitudes of point M and point K ? 650 - 230 = 420 H

N 800N 150N

0 M

00

230S

K S

650S

SOLUTIO N The difference between the latitudes L of point L and point M ? 150 + = 380 M 230

N H 800N 150N 150 230

00

230S

K S

650S

9.3 LOCATION OF A PLACE

9.3 a Stating the Latitude and Longitude of a Point

LOCATION OF A PLACE ? The location of a place on the surface of the earth is determined by latitude and longitude

EXAMPLE L G

N Q

the diagram, NGTS the Greenwich eridian. Given that GOT = 520, MOT = 420 and TOP = 1240, state e latitude and the ngitude of )point G, )point T, )point L, )point M, )point P, point Q.

M T

520 420

0 0
1240

00 P

N SOLUTIO N Point Latd. Long. L G Q

G T L M P Q

520N 00 520N 00 00

00 00 420W 420W 1240E M T

520 420

0 0
1240

00 P

520N 1240E S

EXAMPLE

the diagram, NTGS the Greenwich eridian. Given that GOT = 520, MOT = 420 and TOP = 1240, state e latitude and the ngitude of )point G, )point T, )point L, )point M, )point P, point Q.

M T

420 520

0 0
1240

00 P

L G S Q

N SOLUTIO N Point Latd. Long.

G T L M P Q

520S 00 520S 00 00

00 00 420W 420W 1240E L G S Q M T

420 520

0 0
1240

00 P

520S 1240E

LOCATION OF A PLACE 9.3

9.3b Stating the Location of a Point

LOCATION OF A POINT ? The location of a point P, at latitude x0N and longitude y0E, is written as P(x0N,y0E)

EXAMPLE L G

N Q

the diagram, NGTS the Greenwich eridian. Given that GOT = 520, MOT = 420 and TOP = 1240, state e location of )point G, )point T, )point L, )point M, )point P, point Q.

M T

520 420

0 0
1240

00 P

SOLUTIO N L ? L(520N, 420W) G ? G(520N, 00) Q ? Q(520N, 1240E) M(00, 420W) M? T? T(00, 00) P ? P(00, 1240E) M

N L G Q

520 420

0 0
1240

00 P

EXAMPLE

the diagram, NTGS the Greenwich eridian. Given that GOT = 520, MOT = 420 and TOP = 1240, state e location of )point G, )point T, )point L, )point M, )point P, point Q.

M T

420 520

0 0
1240

00 P

L G S Q

N SOLUTIO N L ? L(520S, 420W) G ? G(520S, 00) Q ? Q(520S, 1240E) M(00, 420W) M? T? T(00, 00) L G S Q P ? P(00, 1240E) M T
420 520

0 0
1240

00 P

9.3c Sketching and Labelling the Latitude and Longitude of a Point EXAMPLE On a diagram, sketch and label the latitude and longitude of the points A(500N, 1500E) and B(500S, 300W) N

9.3 c Sketching and Labelling the Latitude and Longitude of a Point SOLUTIO N A(500N, 1500E) and B(500S, 300W) N A 500N
O 500 500

00

A R

B 300W S

500S 1500E

TiPS AOB is the diameter of the earth which passes through the Centre of the earth

9. 4

Distance between Two Points Along a Great Circle

qThe distance between two points on the surface of the earth is the length of arc of the circle which connects two points along the surface of the earth qOne nautical mile (n.m.) is defined as the length of arc of a great circle which subtends an angle of 1 minute at the centre of the earth

N 1 n.m. 1 O O
1

1 n.m.

S 1 0 = ( x 60) 1 n.m. ( x 60) n.m.

N A

0
Equator

O A 0 B

B S
Meridian

Hence, if the angle subtended at the centre of the earth by The arch AB (along a great circle) is 0, then the distance of AB = ( x 60) nautical miles

9.4a Finding the Length of an Arc of a Great Circle N A N

O
780

O P
Equator 500

B S
Meridian

S Distance AB = 50 x 60 = 3000 n.m.

Distance AB = 78 x 60 = 4680 n.m.

9.4b Finding the Distance between Two Points Along the Meridian N The distance of MK = ? Difference in latitude between M and K L = 650 - 230 =420 Distance of MK = 42 x 60 = 2520 n.m. H 800N 150N 0

00

420

230S

K S

650S

9.4b Finding the Distance between Two Points Along the Meridian N The distance of HM = ? Difference in latitude between H and M L = 800 + 230 =1030 Distance of HM = 103 x 60 = 6180 n.m. H 800N 150N
800 230

00

230S

K S

650S

9.4c Finding the Distance between Two Points Along the Equator N

The distance of PQ = ? Difference in latitude between P and Q = 30 + 1020 = 1050 Distance of PQ = 105 x 60 = 6300 n.m. P
Equator

O
1050

R Q
1700E

3 0W

1020E

9.4c Finding the Distance between Two Points Along the Equator N

The distance of QR = ? Difference in latitude between Q and R = 1700 -1020 = 680 Distance of QR = 68 x 60 = 4080 n.m. P
Equator

680

R Q
1700E

30W

1020E

9.4d Finding the Longitude of a Point Along the Equator

The longitude of a point along the Equator can be found when the longitude of another point and the distance between the two points along the Equator are given

9.4d Finding the Longitude of a Point Along the Equator

The distance of PQ = 4080 n.m. Longitude of point Q? Distance of PQ = 4080 n.m. x 60 = 4080 = 4080 60 = 680 ? W
P 400 G 00 680 Q

O P
Equator 0

E
400W

Based on the above longitude diagram, the longitude of point Q is (68 40)0E = 280E

TOP VIEW FROM NORTH POLE

N
Longitude 400 w Longitude 280E

400

280 680
Q

00
GREENWICH

9.4d Finding the Longitude of a Point Along the Equator

The distance of AB = 4080 n.m. Longitude of point B? Distance of AB = 4080 n.m. x 60 = 4080 = 4080 60 = 680 ? W
G 00 A 100 680 B

O A
Equator 0

E
100E

Based on the above longitude diagram, the longitude of point B is (10 + 68)0E = 780E

9. 5
0N

Distance between Two Points Along a Parallel of Latitude

N
C r

In OCA, 0
R A

Cos 0 = CA OA 00 Cos 0= r R Hence, r = R x cos 0 r = R x cos (latitude)

9. 5
0N
A

Distance between Two Points Along a Parallel of Latitude

N
C 0 O r B

Length of arc AB = 0 x 2r 3600 00

E

r = R x cos 0

= 0 x 2(R cos 0) 3600 =( 0 x 2R) x cos 0 3600 = Length of arc DE x cos 0 = 0 x 60 x cos 0

S Length of arc DE = 0 x 60

9. 5
P

Distance between Two Points Along a Parallel of Latitude

N Length of arc PQ
Q O 450N

= Length of arc AB x cos 450 = 6300 x cos 450

00
B

= 4454.77 n.m.

S
Length of the arch AB = 6300 n.m.

9. 5

Distance between Two Points Along a Parallel of Latitude

N
520N P O 380W 620E 780W B A 560S Q

00

S The distance of PQ = (380 + 620) x 60 x cos 520 = 3693.97 n.m.

9. 5

Distance between Two Points Along a Parallel of Latitude

N
520N P O 380W 620E 780W B A 560S Q

00

The distance of AB = (780 - 380) x 60 x cos 560 = 1342.06 n.m.

9. 6

Shortest Distance between Two Points

N Distance from K to L, measured along the parallel of latitude 460S = 180 x60 xCos 46 = 7502 .31
O

460

880

460

00 Distance from K to L, measured along the route KSL, where S is the South Pole = 88 x 60 = 5280 n.m. 460S

S
KL is the diameter of its parallel of latitude

9. 7

Solving Problems

qKnot is the unit used for speed in navigation and aviation q1knot = 1 nautical mile per hour qDistance (n.m.) = Time taken (hours) x Speed (knots) qTime taken (hours) = Distance (n.m.) Speed (hours) qSpeed (knots) = Distance (n.m.) Time taken (hours)

9. 7

Solving Problems

EXAMPLE
X(650S, 880E), Y and Z are three points on the surface of the earth. XY is the diameter of the parallel of latitude 650S. Z lies 6862 nautical miles due north of X. (a)State the longitude of Y. (b)Find the location of Z. (c)Calculate the distance, in nautical miles, from X to Y, measured along the parallel of latitude. (d)An aeroplane took off from Y and flew towards X using the shortest distance, as measured along the surface of the earth, and then flew due north to Z. Given that its average speed for the whole flight was 540 knots, calculate the total time, in hours, taken for the flight.

9. 7
SOLUTION

Solving Problems
N (a)Longitude of Y = (1800 880)W = 920W

00

Y 650S Longitude Y ?

X 880E

S XTY=1800

9. 7
SOLUTION

Solving Problems
N
Z

(b) = 6862
60

00

= 114.370 114022 6862 n.m 0 = 114022 0 65

Latitude of Z = 880E X 650S (1140 22 650)N = 490 22N

Location of Z = (490 22N, 880E)

9. 7
SOLUTION

Solving Problems
N
(c) Distance of YX, measured along the parallel of latitude 650S =

00

1800 x 60 x Cos 650S = 4564.28 n.m

X 650S

880E

S XTY=1800

9. 7
SOLUTION

Solving Problems
N
Z

(d)Distance travelled by aeropla =

500 x 60 + 6862 n.m 9862 540

= 9862 n.m 00
6862 n.m

0
650 500 650 X

Time taken =

= 18.26 hours

650S Y

MARKING SCHEME
( a )92 W 6862 0 0 (b) = 114 .37 = 114 22 ' 60 0 0 0 114 22 '65 = 49 22 ' N Z ( 49 0 22 ' N ,88 0 E ) (c)180 x60 xCos 65 = 4564 .28 n.m ( d )50 x60 + 6862 = 9862 n.m 9862 = 18 .26 hrs 540
0

P2 K1 K1 P2 P1 K1 N1 K1 K1N1

9. 7

Solving Problems

EXAMPLE
A(430S, 650E), B, C and D are four points on the surface of the earth. A, B and C lie on the same parallel of latitude, such that AB is the diameter of its parallel of latitude. The longitude of C is 280W and D lies due north of C. (a)Find the longitude of B. (b)An aeroplane took off from A and flew due west until it reached C. The aeroplane then flew due north until it reached D which lies 4920 nautical miles from C. The average speed of the aeroplane from A to D was 560 knots. Calculate (i) the latitude of D, (ii) the distance, in nautical miles, from A to C, (iii) the time, in the 24-hour system, the aeroplane reached point D, if it departed from point A at 0600.

9. 7
SOLUTION

Solving Problems
N (a)Longitude of B =
O

(1800 650)W = 1150W

00

650E 1150W B 430S A

9. 7
SOLUTION

Solving Problems
N
650E

0
280W 1150W B C

(b) (i) Let < COD = 0 Distance of CD = 4920 n.m. x 60 = 4920 0 0 = 4920 60 = 82 430S Latitude of point D A = (82 43)0N = 390N

9. 7
SOLUTION

Solving Problems
N
650E

820
280W 1150W B C

930

(b) (ii) Difference in longitude = 280 + 650 = 930 00 Distance of AC, measured along the parallel of latitude 430S 430S = 93 x 60 x cos 43 A = 4080.95 n.m.

9. 7
SOLUTION

Solving Problems
N (b) (iii) Total distance travelled from A to C and from C to D = 4080.95 + 4920 = 9000.95 Total time taken = Total distance Average speed = 9000.95 560 430S A = 16.07 hours = 16 hours 4 minutes 00
650E

820
280W 1150W B C

930

Hence, the time that aeroplane reached point D is 0600 + 1604 = 2204

MARKING SCHEME
( a )1 5 1 W 42 90 (b)( i ) 6 0
0

=2 8

P2 K1 K1 N1 K2 N1 K1K1

8 4 =3 0 N 2 3 9 (ii )( 28 + 65 ) x60 xCos 43 = 4080 .95 n.m 4080 .95 + 4920 (iii ) 560 =16 .07 =16 hrs 4 min T e =0 0 + 6 4 =2 0 im 60 10 24

K1N1

0S, 70E), G, H and K are four points on the earths surface. and H are on the same latitude such that FG is the diameter. longitude of H is 45W. tate the location of G. n aeroplane flew due west from F to H. It then flew 4800 autical miles due north to K. Given that its average speed for the whole journey was 680 knots, calculate latitude of K, distance, in nautical miles, from F to H, the time taken to complete the journey.

CLONED SPM

CLONED SPM
N
SOLUTION

(a)Longitude of G (1800 700)W = 1100W

00

Location of G = (500S,1100W)
700E

1100W G

500S F

CLONED SPM
N
SOLUTION

(b) (i) Latitude of K = 4800 60 = 80 00 Latitude of point K 0 700E = (80 50) N = 300N

450W 4800 n.m

1100W

500S

CLONED SPM
N
SOLUTION

(b) (ii) Distance, FH (70 + 45) x 60 x cos 50 = 4435.23 n.m.

450W 4800 n.m

K 80 O

00 (b) (iii) Time taken to complete journey

700E 500S

1100W

4435 .23 + 4800 680

= 13 .58 hrs

MARKING SCHEME
(a )(50 S ,110 W )
0 0

P1 P2

4800 0 (b)(i ) K1 K1 N1 50 = 30 N 60 (ii )( 70 + 45 ) x60 xCos 50 = 4435 .23 n.m K2 N1 (4435 .23 + 4800 ) (iii ) = 13 .58 hrs 680

K1K1 N1

CLONED SPM

P (51N, 20W) and Q are two points on the Earths surface. PQ is a diameter of the latitude.

(a)Find the longitude Q.

(b) Given that PR is the Earths diameter, mark the positions of Q and R on the diagram provided below. Hence, state the position of R.

(c)Calculate the shortest distance, in nautical miles, from Q to the North Pole.

(d) An aeroplane flew due west from P along the latitude with an average speed of 500 knots.The aeroplane took 9 hours to reach a point M. Calculate (i) the distance, in nautical miles, from P to M, (ii) the longitude of M.

CLONED SPM
SOLUTION P 200W O

1600E Q 510N

(a)Longitude of Q (1800 200)E = 1600E

00

CLONED SPM
SOLUTION P 200W 510 O 510

1600E Q 510N

00

R 510S

S (b) PR is a diameter of earth, position of R

R (510 S ,160 0 E )

CLONED SPM
SOLUTION 510N P 390 510 O 510

N
Q

(c) Shortest distance, from Q to the North Pole 00

39 x60 = 2340 n.m

CLONED SPM
SOLUTION

N
M Q

(d) (i) Distance PM, given average speed = 500 knots, time taken = 9 hours
P 510N

5 0 x9 =4 0 n.m 0 50
4500 = 119.18 0 60xCos51

O 200W

00(ii) Longitude M

119.18 + 20 = 139.180 W
S

MARKING SCHEME
(a )160E
0 0

P2 P1P2
N

(b) R(51 S ,160 E ) (c)39x60 = 2340n.m 4500 (d ) = 119.18 0 60xCos51 0 119.18 + 20 = 139.18 W
P(510N,200W) P

K1N1
Q

P1 K1

K1N1 R P1
S

CLONED SPM
R (40N, 80W) , S and T are three points on the surface of the earth. RS is the diameter of a parallel of latitude 40N. T is 3600 nautical miles to the south of R. (a) State the longitude of S. (b) Find the latitude of T. (c) Calculate the shortest distance, in nautical miles, from R to S measured along the surface of the earth. (d) A ship sailed from S to R along the common parallel of latitude and then due south to T. The total time taken for the journey was 20 hours. Calculate the average speed of the ship for the whole journey.

SOLUTION

R (40N, 80W) , S and T are three points on the surface of the earth. RS is the diameter of a parallel of latitude 40N. T is 3600 nautical miles to the south of R.
T and R are on the same meridian

(a) State the longitude of S.

100 E
(b) Find the latitude of T.

3600 = 60 60 0 60 40 = 20 S

SOLUTION

R (40N, 80W) , S and T are three points on the surface of the earth. RS is the diameter of a parallel of latitude 40N. T is 3600 nautical miles to the south of R. (c) Calculate the shortest distance, in nautical miles, from R to S measured along the surface of the earth.

100 x60 = 6000 n.m

R 400

N S 1000 400

SOLUTION

(d) A ship sailed from S to R along the common parallel of latitude and then due south to T. The total time taken for the journey was 20 hours. Calculate the average speed of the ship for the whole journey.
N

180 x60 xCos 40 + 3600 20 3600 n.m = 593 .66 knot

T

S 0 40 N

MARKING SCHEME
(a )100 E 3600 (b) = 60 60 0 60 40 = 20 S (c)100x60 = 6000n.m 180x60xCos 40 + 3600 (d ) 20 = 593.66knot
0

P2 K1 K1N1 K2 N1 K1 K1 K1 N1

The End