Kinematika2D - 09

Physics 114B - Mechanics
Lecture 9 (Walker: 4.3-5)

2D Kinematics Examples
January 18, 2011
Physics 114B - Mechanics
Lecture 9 (Walker: 4.3-5)
2D Kinematics Examples
January 18, 2011
John G. Cramer
Professor Emeritus, Department of Physics
B451 PAB
jcramer@uw.edu
January 18, 2011 Physics 114A - Lecture 9
Finding Position from Velocity Finding Position from Velocity
2/38
Solution:
The net distance traveled
is the area under the velocity
curve shown in blue. This is
a triangle with sides 12 m/s
and 3.0 s. The area of this
triangle is:
A = (12 m/s)(3 s) = 18 m.
Thus, the drag racer moves
18 m in the first 3 seconds.
Drag Racers Displacement Drag Racers Displacement
The figure shows the
velocity of a drag racer.
How far does the racer
move during the first 3.0 s?
3/35
Upon graduation, a joyful student throws her cap straight
up in the air with an initial speed of 14.7 m/s. Given that its
acceleration has a magnitude of 9.81 m/s
2
and is directed
downward (we neglect air resistance),
(a) When does the cap to reach its highest point?
(b) What is the distance to the highest point?
(c) Assuming the cap is caught at the same height it was
released, what is the total time that the cap is in flight?
Example: The Flying Cap Example: The Flying Cap
1. Draw the cap (as a dot) in its various positions.
2. (a) Use the time, velocity and acceleration relation.
(b) Use average velocity: v
av
= v
0
/2 = 7.35 m/s;
Ay = v
av
At = (7.35 m/s)(1.5 s) = 11.0 m
(c) Up time = down time, so total time is 3.0 s. (see text for a more
complicated method.)
3. The answers have the right units and seem reasonable.
0
0
2
(0 m/s) (14.7 m/s)
; 1.5 s
9.81 m/s
y y
y y y
y
v v
v v a t t
a

= + A A = = =
4/35
Example: The Flying Cap
(continued)
Example: The Flying Cap
(continued)
The height of the cap vs. time has the
form of a parabola (since x ~ t
2
). It is
symmetric about the midpoint (but would
not be if air resistance were present).
The velocity of the cap vs. time has the
form of a straight line (since v ~ t). The
velocity crosses zero at the midpoint and is
negative thereafter, because the cap is
moving downward.
5/35
Zero Launch Angle Zero Launch Angle
Launch angle: direction of initial velocity with
respect to horizontal
Question: Which diver hits the water with the greatest speed?
2 2
0
2
0
( cos )
( sin ) 2
w
v v
v gh
U
U
=

+ +
|
2 2
0
2
w
v v gh = +
6/35
In the zero launch angle case, the initial
velocity in the y-direction is zero. Here are the
equations of motion, with x
0
= 0 and y
0
= h:
7/35
Zero-Launch Trajectory Zero-Launch Trajectory
This is the trajectory of a projectile
launched horizontally. It is a parabola.
8/35
Eliminating t and solving for y as a function
of x:
This has the form y = a + bx
2
, which is
the equation of a parabola.
The landing point can be found by
setting y = 0 and solving for x:
9/35
Projectile Motion Projectile Motion
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
cos ; sin ; tan
y
x y
x
v
v v v v
v
U U U = = =
0;
x y
a a g = =
0 0
;
x x y y
v v v v gt = =
0 0
( ) ;
x
x t x v t = +
1 2
0 0
2
( )
y
y t y v t gt = +
2
0 1 2
0
2 2
0 0 0 0 0
; ( )
2
y
y
x x x x x
v
x x x g
t y x v g x x
v v v v v

= = =

' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
)
2
0
2 2
0 0
( ) tan
2 cos
g
y x x x
v
U
U

=

' '
This is the equation
for a parabola.
g
10/35
General Launch Angle General Launch Angle
In general, v
0x
= v
0
cos and v
0y
= v
0
sin
This gives the equations of motion:
11/35
Clicker Question 1 Clicker Question 1
You throw a ball into the air with an initial speed of 10 m/s at
an angle of 60 above the horizontal. The ball returns to the
height at which it was thrown in a time T.
Which of these plots best represents the speed of the ball as
a function of time?
12/35
General Launch Angle General Launch Angle
Snapshots of a trajectory; red dots
are at t = 1 s, t = 2 s, and t = 3 s
Range
13/35
Projectile Motion: Range Projectile Motion: Range
Range: the horizontal distance a projectile travels
If the initial and final elevation are the same:
14/35
Projectile Motion:
Maximum Range
Projectile Motion:
Maximum Range
The range is a maximum when = 45:
15/35
Symmetry in projectile motion:
Projectile Motion:
Symmetry
Projectile Motion:
Symmetry
Same y and |v|
Same y and |v|
16/35
Path of Projectile Path of Projectile
x
y
)
2
0
2 2
0 0
( ) tan
2 cos
g
y x x x
v
U
U

=

' '
17/35
A delighted physics graduate throws her
cap into the air with an initial velocity of 24.5
m/s at a 36.9 angle with the horizontal. The
cap is later caught by another student.
[Neglect air resistance ; Sin(36.9) =
3
/
5
;
Cos(36.9) =
4
/
5
].
(a) Find the total time the cap is in the air.
(b) Find the total horizontal distance traveled.
Example: A Cap in the Air Example: A Cap in the Air
1 2
0
2
( )
y
y t v t gt =
1
0 1 2 0
2
When 0, ( ) 0, so t =0 and t =2 /
y y
y t v gt v g = =
0 0 0
sin
y
v v U =
2
2 0 0
=2 sin / 2(24.5 m/s)(sin36.9 ) /(9.81 m/s ) 3.00 s t v g U = =
0 2 0 0 2
cos (24.5 m/s)(cos36.9 )(3.00 s) 58.8 m
x
x v t v t U = = = =
g
18/35
1 2
0
2
d dg
r v t gt = +
& & & 1 2
0
2
m m
r r gt = +
& & &
r = 0
0
Therefore, when (i.e., the dart hits the monkey) then
m d mo dg
r r r v t = =
& & & &
In other words, provided the gun is aimed so that the extension of the
vector v
dg0
passes through the monkeys position r
m0
, the dart hits the monkey.
A park ranger with a tranquilizer dart intends to shoot a
monkey hanging from a branch. The ranger points the barrel
directly at the monkey, not realizing that the dart will
follow a parabolic path that will pass below the
monkeys present position. The monkey,
seeing the gun discharge, instantly lets
go of the branch and drops out of the
tree, expecting to avoid the dart.
(a) Show that the monkey will be hit,
independent of the dart velocity v
d
.
(b) Let v
d0
be the initial velocity of the dart. Find the dart velocity relative
to the monkey at an arbitrary time t during the darts flight.
Example: Ranger & Monkey Example: Ranger & Monkey
19/35
A helicopter drops a supply package to flood
victims on a raft in a swollen lake. When the package
is released, the helicopter is 100 m directly above
the raft and flying at a velocity of 25.0 m/s at an
angle of 36.9 above the horizontal. [Neglect air
resistance; Sin(36.9) =
3
/
5
; Cos(36.9) =
4
/
5
].
(a) How long is the package in the air?
(b) How far from the raft does the package land?
(c) If the helicopter continues at constant speed,
where is it when the package lands?
Example: A Supply Drop Example: A Supply Drop
1 2
0
2
( )
y
y t v t gt =
1 2
0
2
0
y
gt v t y = +
0 0 0 0 0 0
sin (25.0 m/s)(sin36.9 ) 15.0 m/s; cos 20.0 m/s
y x
v v v v U U = = = = =
2
2 2
0 0
2
2
(15.0 m/s) (15.0 m/s) 2(9.81 m/s )( 100 m)
(9.81 m/s )
y y
v v gy
t
g
s
s
= =
3.24 s and 6.30 s t t = =
0
(20.0 m/s)(6.30 s) 126 m
h x
x x v t = = = =
0 0 0
0 (15.0 m/s)(6.30 s) 94.4 m
h h h y
y y v t v t = + = + = =
The helicopter
will be 194 m
above the
package impact
point.
g
20/35
Example: A Rocket Sled Example: A Rocket Sled
A rocket sled accelerates
at 50 m/s
2
for 5.0 s, coasts
for 3.0 s, then deploys a
braking parachute and
decelerates at 3.0 m/s
2
until coming to a halt.
(a) What is the maximum
velocity reached by
the rocket sled?
v
1x
= v
0x
+ a
0x
(t
1
t
0
)
= a
0x
t
1
= (50 m/s
2
)(5.0 s)
= 250 m/s
(b) What is the total distance traveled by
the rocket sled?
x
1
= x
0
+ v
0x
(t
1
t
0
) + a
0x
(t
1
t
0
)
2
= a
0x
t
1
2
= (50 m/s
2
)(5.0 s)
2
= 625 m
x
2
= x
1
+ v
1x
(t
2
t
1
) = 625 m + (250 m/s)(3.0 s) = 1375 m
v
3x
2
= 0 = v
2x
2
+2a
2x
Ax = v
2x
2
+2a
2x
(x
3
x
2
), so
x
3
= x
2
+ (v
3x
2
- v
2x
2
)/2a
2x
= 1375 m + [0 (250 m/s)
2
]/[2(-3.0 m/s
2
)] = 11,800 m
21/35
A person skateboarding with
a constant speed of 1.30 m/s
releases a ball from a height
of 1.25 m above the ground.
Use x
0
= 0 and y
0
= h = 1.25 m.
(a) Find x and y for t
1
= 0.250 s.
(b) Find x and y for t
2
= 0.500 s.
(c) Find the velocity, speed, and direction of the ball at t
2
= 0.500 s.
Example: Dropping a Ball Example: Dropping a Ball
1 0 1
(1.30 m/s)(0.250 s) 0.325 m x v t = = =
1 1 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
(1.25 m) (9.81 m/s )(0.250 s) 0.943 m y h gt = = =
2 0 2
(1.30 m/s)(0.500 s) 0.650 m x v t = = =
1 1 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
(1.25 m) (9.81 m/s )(0.500 s) 0.0238 m y h gt = = =
0
1.30 m/s
x
v v = =
2
2
(9.81 m/s )(0.500 s) 4.91 m/s
y
v gt = = =
(1.30 m/s) ( 4.91 m/s) v x y = +
&
2 2 2 2
(1.30 m/s) ( 4.91 m/s) 5.08 m/s
x y
v v v = + = + =
) . J
arctan / arctan ( 4.91 m/s) / (1.30 m/s) 75.2
y x
v v U = = =
22/35
From the same height (and at the same time), one ball is
dropped and another ball is fired horizontally. Which one will
hit the ground first?
Clicker Question 2:
Dropping the Ball
Clicker Question 2:
Dropping the Ball
(A) the dropped ball (A) the dropped ball
(B) the fired ball (B) the fired ball
(C) they both hit at the same time (C) they both hit at the same time
(D) it depends on how hard the ball was fired (D) it depends on how hard the ball was fired
(E) it depends on the initial height (E) it depends on the initial height
23/35
Chipping from the rough, a
golfer sends the ball over a 3.0 m
high tree that is 14.0 m away.
The ball lands on the green at the
same level from which it was
struck after traveling a
horizontal distance of 17.8 m.
Example: A Rough Shot Example: A Rough Shot
(a) If the ball left the club
at 54.0 above the horizontal
and landed 2.24 s later, what was its initial speed v
0
?
(b) How high was the ball when it passed over the tree?
/ (17.8 m) / (2.24 s) 7.95 m/s
x
v d t = = =
0
/ cos (7.95 m/s) / cos54.0 13.5 m/s
x
v v U = = =
1
/ (14.0 m) / (7.95 m/s) 1.76 s
x
t x v = = =
1 1 2 2
0 1 1 0 1 1
2 2
1 2 2
2
sin
(13.5 m/s)sin54.0 (1.76 s) (9.81 m/s )(1.76 s) 4.03 m
y
y y v t gt v t gt U = + =
= =
t
1
24/35
A baseball is hit so that it
leaves the bat making a 30 angle
with the ground. It crosses a
low fence at the boundary of the
ballpark 100 m from home plate
at the same height that it was
struck. (Neglect air resistance.)
What was its velocity as it
left the bat?
Example: A Home Run Example: A Home Run
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 2 2
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
2 2
cos ; sin ;
( ) ( cos ) ;
0 ( ) ( ) ( sin ) ;
x y
x
y
v v v v
x x v t t v t
y y v t t g t t v t gt
U U
U
U
= =
= + =
= = + =
1 1 2
0 1 1 0 1 1
2 2
1 1 0
0 ( sin ) ( sin ) ;
so 0 or 2 sin / ;
v t gt v gt t
t t v g
U U
U
= =
= =
1 0 1 0 0
2 2
1 0 0
2
0 1
Therefore, ( cos ) ( cos )(2 sin / );
2 sin cos / sin 2 / ;
/ sin 2 (100 m)(9.80 m/s ) / sin(60 ) 33.6 m/s
x v t v v g
x v g v g
v x g
U U U
U U U
U
= =
= =
= = =
g
25/35
Clicker Question 3:
War at Sea
Clicker Question 3:
War at Sea
A battleship simultaneously fires two shells at two enemy A battleship simultaneously fires two shells at two enemy
submarines. The shells are launched with the same initial velocity. submarines. The shells are launched with the same initial velocity.
If the shells follow the trajectories shown, which submarine gets If the shells follow the trajectories shown, which submarine gets
hit first ? hit first ?
1 2
(A) Submarine 1 (A) Submarine 1
(B) Submarine 2 (B) Submarine 2
(C) They are both hit at the same time (C) They are both hit at the same time
(D) It depends on the initial velocity (D) It depends on the initial velocity
26/35
Horizontal Range of a Projectile Horizontal Range of a Projectile
1 2
0
2
0 ; 0
y
v T gT T = >
1
0
2
0
y
v gT =
0
0
0
2
2
sin
y
v
v
T
g g
U = =
)
2
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
2
cos sin 2sin cos
x
v v
R v T v
g g
U U U U

= = =

' '
0 0 0
2sin cos sin 2 U U U =
2
0
0
sin 2
v
R
g
U =
is maximum
when U
o
=45
o
, so
that sin 2U
o
= 1.
g
27/35
A golfer hits a ball from the origin with an initial speed of 30.0 m/s at
an angle of 50.0 above the horizontal. The ball lands on a green that is
5.00 m above the level where the ball was struck.
Example: An Elevated Green Example: An Elevated Green
(a) How long was the ball in the air?
(b) How far did the ball travel horizontally before ot landed?
(c) What is the speed and direction of the ball just before it lands?
1 1 1 2 2 2
0 1 0 1
2 2 2
sin 0
y y
y y v t gt v t gt h h v t gt U = + = = + =
)
2
2 / 2 0.229 s and 4.46 s
y y
t v v hg h t t = s = =
0
cos (30.0 m/s) cos50 (4.46 s) 86.0 m
x
x v t v t U = = = =
0
cos (30.0 m/s) cos50 19.3 m/s
x
v v U = = =
2
0
sin (30.0 m/s) cos50 (9.81 m/s )(4.46 s) 20.8 m/s
y
v v gt U = = =
2 2
28.4 m/s
x y
v v v = + =
. J
arctan / arctan ( 20.8 m/s) / (19.3 m/s) 47.1
y x
v v U = = =
28/35
A police officer chases a master jewel
thief across city rooftops. They are both
running when they come to a gap between
buildings that is 4.0 m wide and has a drop
of 3.0 m. The thief having studied a little
physics, leaps at 5.0 m/s at an angle of 45 above the horizontal and clears
the gap easily. The police officer did not study physics and thinks he should
maximize his horizontal velocity, so he leaps horizontally at 5.0 m/s.
(a) Does he clear the gap?
(b) By how much does the thief clear the gap?
Example: To Catch a Thief Example: To Catch a Thief
1 2
0 0
2
y
y y v t gt = +
1 2 2
2
3.0 m 0 0 (9.81 m/s )t = +
2
6.0 m/ 9.81 m/s 0.782 s t = =
0 0
0 (5.0 m/s)(0.782 s) 3.91 m
x
x x v t = + = + =
1 2 2
2
3.0 m 0 (5.0 m/s) sin 45 (9.81 m/s ) t t = +
0.50 s or 1.22 s t t = =
0 0
0 (5.0 m/s)(1.22 s) cos 45 4.31 m
x
x x v t = + = + =
4.31 m 4.00 m 0.31 m x A = =
No!
29/35
The archerfish hunts by dislodging an
unsuspecting insect from its resting place
with a stream of water expelled from the
fishs mouth. Suppose an archerfish squirts
water with an initial speed of 2.30 m/s at an
angle of 19.5 above the horizontal. When
the water reaches a beetle at
a height h above the waters
surface, it is moving horizontally.
Example: What A Shot! Example: What A Shot!
(a) How much time does the beetle have to react?
(b) What is the height h of the beetle?
(c) What is the horizontal distance d between the fish and the beetle?
0 0
sin 0
y y
v v gt v gt U = = =
2
0
sin / (2.30 m/s)sin19.5 / (9.81 m/s ) 0.0782 s t v g U = = =
1 1 2 2
0 0
2 2
1 2 2
2
sin
(2.30 m/s) sin19.5 (0.0782 s) (9.81 m/s )(0.0782 s) 0.0300 m
y
h y v t gt v t gt U = + =
= = =
0 0
cos (2.30 m/s) cos19.5 (0.0782 s) 0.170 m
x
d x v t v t U = + = = =
30/35
Example: Basketball Throw Example: Basketball Throw
A basketball player stands 15.0 ft from the basket, which is 10.0 ft
above the floor. The ball leaves his hands 6.0 ft above the floor with an
initial velocity v
0
that is directed at an angle U with the horizontal.
What are the conditions on v
0
and U such that he makes the basket?
0
0
cos
cos
f
f
x
x v t t
v
U
U
= =
)
1 2
0
2
2
0
2
0
0
2
2 2
0
sin
sin
cos
2 cos
tan
2 cos
f i
f
i f
f
i f
y y v t g t
g x
v
y x
v
v
g x
y x
v
U
U
U
U
U
U
= +
= +
= +
0
cos 2( tan )
f
f i f
x
g
v
x y y U U
=
+
0 20 40 60 80
10
15
20
v
0
U
v
0
= 7.64 m/s
U = 52.5
31/35
Summary - 2D Kinematics Summary - 2D Kinematics
Components of motion in the x- and y-
directions can be treated independently.
In projectile motion, the acceleration is g.
If the launch angle is zero, the initial velocity
has only an x-component.
The path followed by a projectile is a
parabola.
The range is the horizontal distance the
projectile travels.
32/35

Kinematika2D - 09

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Kinematika2D - 09

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Physics 114B - Mechanics

Lecture 9 (Walker: 4.3-5)

Вам также может понравиться