adapted from http://www.lab-initio.

com/

Announcements
Getting help: http://lead.mst.edu/ http://lead.mst.edu/request/tutorrequest.html http://lead.mst.edu/assist/index.html Web links: http://www.mst.edu/~pringle http://physics.mst.edu/ http://physics.mst.edu/classes/class_24.html Make sure you have a copy of Special Homework #2, which is due tomorrow.

Announcements
Other help: Disability Support Services http://dss.mst.edu/ Counseling Center http://counsel.mst.edu/ Testing Center http://testcenter.mst.edu/

Announcements
Homework for tomorrow: 21: 21: 25, 33a, 54a, 78, Special Homework #2 (reminder: all solutions must start with OSE s) You only need to do part a of problems 33 and 54. You don t need to be paranoid about using OSE s, but don t start a problem with a random equation from your book.

Labs begin next Monday. If you have lab next week, don t miss it!
http://campus.mst.edu/physics/courses/24lab/

Today s agenda: The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to a point charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a point charge.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

The electric field due to a collection of point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a collection of point charges.

The electric field due to a continuous line of charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a continuous line of charge.

Coulomb s Law: The Big Picture

Coulomb's Law quantifies the interaction between charged particles.

F = 12 4

1
0

q1q 2 , 2 r12

r12 + Q1

Q2

Coulomb s Law was discovered through decades of experiment.

By itself, it is just useful." Is it part of something bigger?

Gravitational Fields You experienced gravitational fields in Physics 23.

& m1m 2 F =G 2 , attractive G r12

& && FG g(r) = m

Units of g are actually N/kg!

&& g(r) is the local gravitational field. On earth, it is about 9.8

N/kg, directed towards the center of the earth.
If the last equation looks like this, you have missing fonts.

Click here for an animated view of the earth s gravitational field.

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment model 01.

Could you measure glocal with yourself and a bathroom scale? Wouldn't your mass, which contributes to the local gravitational field, introduce a perturbation into the measurement?
Your mass is of order magnitude 102 kg and the earth's mass is about 6x1024 kg.

Something to think about: if you move, how long does it take the earth to realize it?

The Electric Field

Coulomb's Law (demonstrated in 1785) shows that charged particles exert forces on each other over great distances. How does a charged particle "know" another one is there?

Action At A Distance Viewpoint Electric, magnetic, and gravitational forces result from direct and instantaneous interaction between particles. Relativity theory shows why this viewpoint is wrong. The concept of electric field gives the correct explanation.

Faraday, beginning in the 1830's, was the leader in developing the idea of the electric field. Here's the idea: F12 y A charged particle propagates (sends out) a "field" into all space. y Another charged particle senses the field, and knows that the first one is there. + F13 + F21
like charges repel

F31 unlike charges attract

The idea of an electric field is good for a number of reasons: y It makes us feel good, like we ve actually explained something.
OK, that was a flippant remark. There are serious reasons why the idea is good.

F12 + F13 + F21

like charges repel

y We can develop a theory based on this idea. From this theory may spring unimagined inventions.
If the theory explains past observations and leads to new predictions, the idea was good.

F31 unlike charges attract

We define the electric field by the force it exerts on a test charge q0:
I m not mad, I tell you, not mad. The little voices tell me I m quite sane.

& & F0 E= q0

The subscript 0 reminds you the force is on the test charge. I won t require the subscripts when you use this equation for boardwork or on exams.

This is your second starting equation. By convention the direction of the electric field is the direction of the force exerted on a POSITIVE test charge. The absence of absolute value signs around q0 means you must include the sign of q0 in your work.

If the test charge is "too big" it perturbs the electric field, so the correct definition is

& & F0 E = lim q0 p0 q 0

You won t be required to use this version of the equation.

Any time you know the electric field, you can use this equation to calculate the force & & on a charged particle in that electric field. F = qE

The units of electric field are newtons/coulomb.

& E =

& F0

N = ?q 0 A C

In chapter 23, you will learn that the units of electric field can also be expressed as volts/meter:

N V ?E A = = C m
The electric field exists independent of whether there is a charged particle around to feel it.

Remember: the electric field direction is the direction a + charge would feel a force. A + charge would be repelled by another + charge.

Therefore the direction of the electric field is away from positive (and towards negative).

http://regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys03/afieldint/default.htm

Today s agenda: The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to a point charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a point charge.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

The electric field due to a collection of point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a collection of point charges.

The electric field due to a continuous line of charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a continuous line of charge.

The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge

Coulomb's law says

F =k 2 , 12 r12
... which tells us the electric field due to a point charge q is

q1q 2

& q E q =k 2 , away from + r

or just

q E=k 2 r

This is your third starting equation.

q E=k 2 r
A physics 24 equation is not a toaster!

You can t expect to just shove the numbers in and out pops the correct answer. To experience the optimum user satisfaction from your physics 24 toaster equations you need to understand what they mean and think about what you are doing with them.

 We define r as a unit vector from the source point to the field point:
source point

r +

field point

The equation for the electric field of a point charge then becomes:

& q E=k 2 r r

You may start with either equation for the electric field (this one or the one on the previous slide). But don t use this one unless you REALLY know what you are doing! (So don t use it!)

Example: calculate the electric field at the electron s distance away from the proton in a hydrogen atom (5.3x10-11 m). To be worked at the blackboard.

For comparison, air begins to break down and conduct electricity at about 30 kV/cm, or 3x106 V/m.

Quiz time (maybe for points, maybe just for practice!)

Today s agenda: The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to a point charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a point charge.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

The electric field due to a collection of point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a collection of point charges.

The electric field due to a continuous line of charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a continuous line of charge.

Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field

A charged particle in an electric field experiences a force, and if it is free to move, an acceleration. If the only force is due to the electric field, then
- - - - - - - - - - - - -

& & & F ! ma ! qE.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

If E is constant, then a is constant, and you can use the equations of kinematics* (remember way back to the beginning of physics 23?).
*If you get called to the board, you can use the Physics 23 starting equations. They are posted.

Example: a proton and an electron enter a region of uniform electric field. Describe their motion. Direction of forces? Magnitudes of accelerations? Shape of trajectories? We ll work these out in the following example.

Example: an electron moving with velocity v0 in the positive x direction enters a region of uniform electric field that makes a right angle with the electron s initial velocity. Express the position and velocity of the electron as a function of time. y
- - - - - - - - - - - - -

x
v0
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

To be worked at the blackboard. What would be different for a proton?

Today s agenda: The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to a point charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a point charge.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

The electric field due to a collection of point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a collection of point charges.

The electric field due to a continuous line of charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a continuous line of charge.

Example: calculate the electric field at position P due to the two protons shown. Q1=+e + D D Q2=+e +

E1

P E2

& & & k Q1 k Q 2 E P ! E1  E 2 !  2 i  i 2 D 2D

& ke ke 5ke EP !  2 i  i! 2 i 2 D 4D 4D

Today s agenda: The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to a point charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a point charge.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

The electric field due to a collection of point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a collection of point charges.

The electric field due to a continuous line of charge.

You must be able to calculate electric field of a continuous line of charge.

Electric Field Due To A Line of Charge

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Matter is made of discrete atoms, but appears "continuous" to us, and in Physics 23 we treated matter as being a continuous entity.

Similarly, a charge distribution is made of individual charged particles, but we can treat it as if the charge were continuous.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Think of a line of charge as a collection of very very tiny point charges all lined up. The official term for very very tiny is infinitesimal. So we get the electric field for the line of charge by adding the electric fields for all the infinitesimal point charges. What happens in calculus when you add infinitesimals?

The electric field due to a small "chunk" (q of charge is

& (E =

1 (q  r 2 4 0 r
unit vector from (q to wherever you want to calculate (E

The electric field due to collection of "chunks" of charge is

& E=

& (Ei =
i

1 4
0

(q i  r 2 ri i i
unit vector from (qi to wherever you want to calculate E

As (qpdqp0, the sum becomes an integral.

Consider charge distributed along a line (e.g., electrons on a thread). P is the linear density of charge (amount of charge per unit length). P may be a function of position. Think P " length. P times the length of line segment is the total charge on the line segment. P Pdx x dx If charge is distributed along a straight line segment parallel to the x-axis, the amount of charge dq on a segment of length dx is Pdx.

I m assuming positively charged objects in these distribution of charges slides.

P r

dE

 r'
dq

The electric field at point P due to the charge dq is

& dE =

1 dq  1 Pdx  r' = r' 2 2 4 0 r' 4 0 r'

Absolute value signs not needed around dq because I m assuming positively charged objects.

P r

 r'
dq

The electric field at P due to the entire line of charge is

& E=

1 4
0

 (x) dx . r' r'2

The integration is carried out over the entire length of the line, which need not be straight. Also, P could be a function of position, and can be taken outside the integral only if the charge distribution is uniform.

Example: A rod of length L has a uniform charge per unit length P and a total positive charge Q. Calculate the electric field at a point P along the axis of the rod a distance d from one end. y P d L x

Let s put the origin at P. The linear charge density and Q are related by

Q P= and Q = PL L

Note that the problem statement says Q is positive, so the electric field points away from the rod.

y dE P d x dx L dQ = P dx x

The electric field points away from the rod. The electric field on the axis of the rod has no y-component (why?). dE from the charge on an infinitesimal length dx of rod is
This is a legal starting equation. In fact, this is the best way to start a problem like this one.

dq P dx dE = k 2 ! k 2 x x

Note: dE is in the x direction. dE is the magnitude of dE. I ve used the fact that Q>0 (so dq>0) to eliminate the absolute value signs in the starting equation.

y dE P d x dx L dQ = P dx x

dL & d+L & d+L P dx d+L dx = -kP = -kP  1 E = dE = -k i i 2 d x 2 i d d x x d

& d  d  L 1 1 kQ PL E = -kP  i= -k i= i  i = -kP d d  L d d  L d d  L dL d

Homework Hints (may not apply every semester) There are two kinds of problems from today s lecture: 1. Given an electric field, calculate the force on a charged particle. 2. Given one or more charged particles, calculate the electric field they produce.
& & F = qE

E=k

q r2

Make sure you understand which kind of problem you are working on!

Homework Hints (may not apply every semester) Symmetry is your friend. Use it when appropriate. Don t use it when not appropriate.

& GmM FG,pair ! 2 , attractive r

The above equation is on the Physics 23 Starting Equation Sheet, which is posted in the recitation classrooms. You are free to use Physics 23 starting equations at any time.

Homework Hints (may not apply every semester) Your starting equations so far are:

q1q 2 F !k 2 12 r12

& & F0 E= q0

q E=k 2 r

(plus Physics 23 starting equations).

This is a legal variation (use it if you are assigned 21.54a or 21.90!): dq

dE=k

You can remove the absolute value signs if you know that dq is always positive.

Homework Hints (may not apply every semester) Electric field at center of semicircular line of positive charge.

dq P ds P RdN P dN dE = k 2 ! k 2 ! k !k 2 R R R R
By symmetry, Ex=0 (why?).

ds N

dN R dE
y x

PdN sin(N) dE y = dE sin(N) ! k R T PdN sin(N) E y = dE y = k 0 R

There is dq of charge on the ds of the line. That dq of charge gives rise to dE of field.

Magnitude comes from above integral, direction is y.

Homework Hints (may not apply every semester) The integrals below are on page A-4 (appendix B) of your text.

dx

x  a
2

3 2

x dx

x  a
2

3 2

Your recitation instructor will supply you with needed integrals. The above integrals may or may not be needed this semester.

Learning Center Today 2:00-4:30, 6:00-8:30 Rooms 129/130 Physics