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Today s lecture is brought to you by

the Right Hand Rule.

Announcements
yExam 2 is next week. Contact me by the end of today s lecture if you have special circumstances different than for exam 1.

y Exam 2 will cover chapters 24.3-27.

y Physics 24 Test Room Assignments, Fall 2011: Instructor Dr. Hagen Dr. Hale Dr. Hor Dr. Parris Dr. Peacher Dr. Schmitt Sections K, L E, G J, M B, H D, F A, C

Exam is from 5:00-6:15 pm!

Room 295 Toomey 104 Physics 227 Fulton 125 Butler-Carlton (Civil) G-5 HSS 116 Butler-Carlton (Civil) 202 Physics Testing Center

4:30 and 5:30 Exams Special Needs

Know the exam time! Find your room ahead of time! If at 5:00 on test day you are lost, go to 104 Physics and check the exam room schedule, then go to the appropriate room and take the exam there.

Today s agenda: Review and some interesting consequences of F=qvxB.

You must understand the similarities and differences between electric forces and magnetic forces on charged particles.

Magnetic forces on currents and current-carrying wires.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on currents.

Magnetic forces and torques on current loops.

You must be able to calculate the torque and magnetic moment for a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

Applications: galvanometers, electric motors, rail guns.

You must be able to use your understanding of magnetic forces and magnetic fields to describe how electromagnetic devices operate.

Reminder: signs & & & F = qv v B Include the sign on q, properly account for the directions of any two of the vectors, and the direction of the third vector is calculated automatically.

F = q vB sin = q v BB = q vB B If you determine the direction by hand, use the magnitude of the charge. Everything in this equation is a magnitude. The sign of r had better be +! mv r= qB

Reminder: left- and right-hand axes This is a right-handed coordinate system: y This is not: z

For the magnetism part of physics 24, you MUST use right-hand axes. And you d better use your right hand when applying the right-hand rule!

Handy way to see if you have drawn right-hand axes:

?
z x

y x

?
y x I personally find the three-fingered axis system to often (but not always) be the most useful way to apply the right-hand rule.

& & & & & & In F = IL v B and F = qv v B does it matter which finger I use for what?

& & & F = IL v B

& & & F = qv v B

No, as long as you keep the right order. All three of these will work:

This works:

This doesn t:

Switching only two is wrong!

The right-hand rule is unfair! Physics is discriminating against left-handers! No, you can get the same results with left-hand axes and lefthand rules. See this web page.

But Physics 24 does discriminate against left-handers! This is Captain Jack Crossproduct. He visits our classes occasionally (see the physics on the blackboard behind him). You don t want to see what he does with his scimitar when he sees a left hand used for the right hand rule!
The right hand rule is just a way of determining vector directions in a cross product without having to do math.

Magnetic and Electric Forces

The electric force acts in the direction of the electric field. & & FE = qE The electric force is nonzero even if v=0.

The magnetic force acts perpendicular to the magnetic field. & & & FB = qv v B The magnetic force is zero if v=0. & & & FB v = 0 = q 0 v B = 0

Magnetic and Electric Forces The electric force does work in displacing a charged particle. & & FE = qE E F + D & & WF = F D = FD = qED

The magnetic force does no work in displacing a charged particle! B v & & & & & WF = F ds = 0 FB = qv v B +ds Amazing! F

Today s agenda: Review and some interesting consequences of F=qvxB.

You must understand the similarities and differences between electric forces and magnetic forces on charged particles.

Magnetic forces on currents and current-carrying wires.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on currents.

Magnetic forces and torques on current loops.

You must be able to calculate the torque and magnetic moment for a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

Applications: galvanometers, electric motors, rail guns.

You must be able to use your understanding of magnetic forces and magnetic fields to describe how electromagnetic devices operate.

Magnetic Forces on Currents

So far, I ve lectured about magnetic forces on moving charged particles. & & & F = qv v B Actually, magnetic forces were observed on current-carrying wires long before we discovered what the fundamental charged particles are. Experiment, followed by theoretical understanding, gives & & & For reading clarity, I ll use L F = IL v B. instead of the l your text uses.
If you know about charged particles, you can derive this from the equation for the force on a moving charged particle. It is valid for a straight wire in a uniform magnetic field.

Here is a picture to help you visualize. It came from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/forwir2.html.

Homework Hint

F = ILB sinU F max = ILB

For fixed L, B: this is the biggest force you can get from a given current I. For bigger F, you need bigger I.

F B I L & & & F = IL v B Valid for straight wire, length L inside region of magnetic field, constant magnetic field, constant current I, direction of L is direction of conventional current I.
You could apply this equation to a beam of charged particles moving through space, even if the charged particles are not confined to a wire.

What if the wire is not straight? I       

& & & dF = I ds v B & & F = dF & & & F = I ds v B

 dF  

  ds   

Integrate over the part of the wire that is in the magnetic field region.

Homework Hint: if you have a tiny piece of a wire, just calculate dF; no need to integrate.

Note: I generally use ds for an infinitesimal piece of wire, instead of dl. Font choice may make l look like 1. It s a pain to search the fonts for a script lowercase l: l.

Example: a wire carrying current I consists of a semicircle of radius R and two horizontal straight portions each of length L. It is in a region of constant magnetic field as shown. What is the net magnetic force on the wire? B R L L There is no magnetic force on the portions of the wire outside the magnetic field region.
y x

First look at the two straight sections. & & & F = IL v B L B B, so F1 = F2 = ILB
y

F1 R L
x

F2 B L

Next look at the semicircular section. Calculate the infinitesimal force dF on an infinitesimal ds of current-carrying wire.

F1 dF dN ds R N L
x

F2 B L

ds subtends the angle from N to N+dN. & & & The infinitesimal force is dF = I ds v B. ds B B, so dF = I ds B. Arc length ds = R dN. Finally, dF = I R dN B.

Calculate the ycomponent of F. dFy = I R dN B sinN Fy = dFy

0 T

dFy F1 dF dN ds R N L
x

F2 B L

Fy = I R dN B sinN
0

Fy = I R B sinNdN
0

Fy = -I R B cosN 0 Fy = 2 I R B

Interesting just the force on a straight horizontal wire of length 2R.

Does symmetry give you Fx immediately? Or, you can calculate the x component of F. dFx = -I R dN B cosN Fx = - I R dN B cosN
0 T

F1 dF dN ds dFx R N L
x

F2 B L

Fx = -I R B cosNdN
0

Fx = - I R B sinN 0 Fx = 0

T Sometimes-Useful Homework Hint Symmetry is your friend.

Total force: F = F1 + F2 + Fy
F = ILB + ILB + 2IRB
y

Fy F1 dF ds R N L
x

F2 B L

F = 2IB L + R

Example: a semicircular closed loop of radius R carries current I. It is in a region of constant magnetic field as shown. What is the net magnetic force on the loop of wire? FC B R I We calculated the force on the semicircular part in the previous example (current is flowing in the same direction there as before). F =2 IR B
C

y x

Next look at the straight section. & & & FS = IL v B L B B, and L=2R so FS = 2IRB
y

FC B R I

FS x

Fs is directed in the y direction (right hand rule). & & & Fnet = FS +Fc = -2IRB 2IRB = 0 j+ j The net force on the closed loop is zero! This is true in general for closed loops in a uniform magnetic field.

Today s agenda: Review and some interesting consequences of F=qvxB.

You must understand the similarities and differences between electric forces and magnetic forces on charged particles.

Magnetic forces on currents and current-carrying wires.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on currents.

Magnetic forces and torques on current loops.

You must be able to calculate the torque and magnetic moment for a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

Applications: galvanometers, electric motors, rail guns.

You must be able to use your understanding of magnetic forces and magnetic fields to describe how electromagnetic devices operate.

Magnetic Forces and Torques on Current Loops

We showed (not in general, but illustrated the technique) that the net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. No net force means no motion.NOT. motion Example: a rectangular current loop of area A is placed in a uniform magnetic field. Calculate the torque on the loop. Let the loop carry a counterclockwise current I and have length L and width W.

The drawing is not meant to imply that the top and bottom parts are outside the magnetic field region.

There is no force on the horizontal segments because the current and magnetic field are in the same direction. Homework hint (know why). The vertical segment on the left feels a force out of the page. The vertical segment on the right feels a force into the page.

FL  I W

FR B

The two forces have the same magnitude: FL = FR = I L B. Because FL and FR are in opposite directions, there is no net force on the current loop, but there is a net torque.

Top view of current loop, looking down, at the instant the magnetic field is parallel to the plane of the loop. & & & In general, torque is X = r v F . W 1 XR = FR ! WILB 2 2 W 1 XL = FL ! WILB 2 2 Xnet = XR  XL = WILB = IAB

FR B IL FL W 2 W 2 IR

area of loop = WL

When the magnetic field is not parallel to the plane of the loop W 1 XR = FR sin U ! WILB sin U 2 2 W 1 XL = FL sin U ! WILB sin U 2 2 Xnet = XR  XL = WILB sin U = IAB sin U

W sin U 2 U W 2

FR IR B

U IL FL

Define A to be a vector whose magnitude is the area of the loop and whose direction is given by the right hand rule (cross A into B to get X). Then & & & X = IA v B .

Magnetic Moment of a Current Loop & & & X = IA v B Alternative way to get direction of A: curl your fingers (right hand) around the loop in the direction of the current; thumb points in direction of A. IA is defined to be the magnetic moment of the current loop. & & Q = IA & & & X = QvB W sin U 2 U W 2 A

FR IR B

U IL FL

Homework Hint

Your starting equation sheet has: & & Q=NI A (N =1 for a single loop)

Energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field You don t realize it yet, but we have been talking about magnetic dipoles for the last 5 slides.
A current loop, or any other body that experiences a magnetic torque as given above, is called a magnetic dipole.

Energy of a magnetic dipole? You already know this:

Electric Dipole

Today:
Magnetic Dipole

& & & X = p vE & & U = - p E

Homework Hint

& & & X = QvB & & U = - Q B

Today s agenda: Review and some interesting consequences of F=qvxB.

You must understand the similarities and differences between electric forces and magnetic forces on charged particles.

Magnetic forces on currents and current-carrying wires.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on currents.

Magnetic forces and torques on current loops.

You must be able to calculate the torque and magnetic moment for a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

Applications: galvanometers, electric motors, rail guns.

You must be able to use your understanding of magnetic forces and magnetic fields to describe how electromagnetic devices operate.

The Galvanometer Now you can understand how a galvanometer works When a current is passed through a coil connected to a needle, the coil experiences a torque and deflects. See the link below for more details.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/galvan.html#c1

Electric Motors

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/mothow.html#c1

Hyperphysics has nice interactive graphics showing how dc and ac motors work.

No lecture on magnetic forces would be complete without...

the rail gun!

The 10 meter rail gun at the University of Texas.

Today s lecture was brought to you by

the Right Hand Rule.