Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Overview
Definition of indigenous community Ecuador case study Australia case study East Africa case study Conclusion/Discussion
Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those which, having a historical continuity with preinvasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system (United Nations, 2004).
Distinguishing factors
Occupation of ancestral lands or
part of them Common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands Culture in general, or in specific manifestations (such as religion, living under a tribal system, membership of an indigenous community, dress, means of livelihood, lifestyle, etc.) Language (whether used as the only language, as mother-tongue, as the habitual means of communication at home or in the family, or as the main, preferred, habitual, general or normal language) Residence on certain parts of the country, or in certain regions of the world (United Nations, 2004).
indigenous communities inhabit the Amazon region of Ecuador The Amazon region in the eastern part of the country is receiving a greater number of tourists keen to explore the immense ecological and cultural diversity of this region The relationship between tourists and the indigenous community is directed and managed by the tour operator or the guide (Drumm, 1991).
the increased economic power brought by tourism, caused inter-tribal jealousies and rivalries between the indigenous communities involved (Sionas and Secoyas). The Sionas are trying to monopolize access to tourism benefits and exclude the Secoyas.
land to work as guides and porters. As a result, food production in the abandoned community suffers and contributions to communal work are lost (Drumm, 1991).
their communities, especially children who are becoming attracted to the foreign style of life
local communities. For example, nude bathing in lakes and rivers and smoking marijuana are frequently cited as offensive tourist behaviour.
increasingly cause for community concern. Traditional culture is broken down by a foreigner residing in the village (Drumm, 1991).
North Queensland, Australia, a popular tourist destination. Tjapukai Aboriginal Cultural Park is the place that features Djabugay culture. In The Park, Djabugay community members are involved in the representation and presentation of their cultural heritage to tourists
(Dyer et al., 2002).
Impact of Tourism
Positives: Revival of Djabugay culture Employment opportunities Working together with other Djabugay community members Increased cross-cultural understanding Improved material welfare Negatives:
Major issues
The community does not operate
as an equal participant in the Park and therefore does not control or benefit fully from the presentation of its culture for tourist consumption. industry are limited for Aboriginal people because their skills and circumstances are different from those required. Thus local people overall are usually employed in menial, low-paid positions in tourist enterprises.
and influence in the Park because of their minority shareholding, minimal voting powers, and lack of employee and managerial representation (Dyer et al., 2002).
1. 2. 3. 4.
Tourism in Africa has had profound effects on indigenous communities: Wide scale eviction from their land Economic dislocation Breakdown of traditional values Environmental degradation
Adapted from Google images (2009).
Major Issues
Vast numbers of lodges and
camps were established near reserves making them major revenue earners. 70% of protected lands and wildlife preserves are Maasai land. Many of the Maasai were forced off their land. Traditional economic activity was attacked for being primitive and destructive. Disadvantaged from job opportunities. Commercialized culture
Turning local culture into commodities due to tourisms expectations. (reconstructed ethnicity)
Staged authenticity
The performing of shows as if they were in real life, as tourists want a glimpse of local culture and atmosphere staged authenticity is inevitable. Commodification of cultural goods as tourists always want souvenirs. Craftsmen will respond to growing demand and may make changes to designs to meet the needs of the tourists.
Cultural Erosion
Economic Inequity
The majority of tourists who visit this region are from societies with different lifestyles and consumption patterns to the Maasai
Westernization
Cultural clashes can occur due to social interaction between cultures that without tourism would probably not happen. This can affect ethnicity, religion, values, language and values.
Positive Impacts
Tourism is the second largest source of foreign exchange
to Maasai group ranches with; Schools, Water sources and Medical facilities.
Conclusion
Tourism cannot develop in a sustainable fashion without greater
involvement of, and consultation with, local indigenous communities and their representative organizations. The communities themselves see very little benefit from tourism Local people are totally unprepared for dealing with tourism and so risk exploitation and objectification by the industry An attitude of antagonism to tourism is beginning to establish itself in several communities. Closer collaboration between indigenous organisations and the tourism industry is necessary and would be beneficial for both. Antagonism towards the tourism industry is due in part to a lack of appreciation and understanding of indigenous culture by guides. Solution: attempt to correct these failings by giving greater emphasis to multicultural awareness in its guide certification courses.
References
Drumm, A. (1991). An integrated impact assessment of nature tourism in Ecuador s Amazon region. London: University of Greenwich Dyer, P., Aberdeen, L. and Schuler, S. (2003). Tourism impacts on an Australian indigenous community : a Djabugay case study. Maroochydore: Pergamon. Google Images (2009). Indigenous community. [Online]. Retrieved on 1 March 2009 from: http://images.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi United Nations (2004). The concept of indigenous peoples. New York: United Nations. Theobald. W, F,. (2005). Global Tourism. 3rd Ed. London: Betterworth-Heinemann Butler, R. and Hinch, T. (2007). Tourism and indigenous peoples: issues and implications. London: Butterworth-Heinmann Berger, J. (1996). The challenge of integrating Maasai traditions with tourism. London: John Wiley & Sons