Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Deptt. Of Chemical Engg. Bharat Institute of Technology Meerut Presented by: Prateek Kumar Mall Roll no.-0812851024 4th year
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is an adsorption phenomenon where the mechanism of adsorption is electrostatic. Electrostatic forces hold ions to charged functional groups on the surface of the ion exchange resin. Cations (or anions) in a liquid are exchanged with cations ( or anions) on a solid sorbent Electroneutrality is maintained in both the liquid and solid phases In general, reversible Ion-exchanger is a solid or liquid material containing ions that are exchangeable with other ions with a like charge that are present in a solution in which the material is insoluble..
Example
Highlights
y In 1845-50 It was shown that certain soils have the power of decomposing and retaining ammonium salts and other cations (Thomson and Way). y Softening of water by sodium aluminosilicate that could be regenerated with sodium chloride (1850s ). y Sulfonation of certain types of coal to yield cation exchangers (1935). y Polycondensation of phenols and formaldehyde to obtain cation (containing sulfonic, -SO3- groups) or anion (containing amine, -NH3+ groups) exchangers. y Production of sulfonated polystyrene-based strong acid (1944) . y Polystyrene-based strong anion exchangers (1946) y uniform-sized resins as the newest development in the technology (1990s ). y Artificial expansion of resin porosity to give macroporous resins(recent). cation resins
Resin classification
esins are classified based on the type of functional group they contain and their % of cross-linkages
Cationic Exchangers: - Strongly acidic functional groups derived from strong acids e.g., RSO3H (sulfonic). - Weakly acidic functional groups derived from weak acids, e.g., RCOOH (carboxylic) Anionic Exchangers: - Strongly basic functional groups derived from quaternary ammonia compounds, R-N-OH. - Weakly basic - functional groups derived from primary and secondary amines, R-NH3OH or R-R-NH2OH.
Examples IR 120 (Rohm & Haas) Dowex HCR (DOW) Lewatit S100 (Bayer))
Examples for Ion Exchange Reactions in Weakly Acidic Cation Exchange Resins
Weak acid cation exchangers have essentially no ability to split neutral salts such as sodium chloride. On the other hand, an exchange is favorable when the electrolyte is a salt of a strong base and a weak acid.
The sodium form of weak acid resins has exceptionally high selectivi ty for divalent cations in neutral, basic, and slightly acidic solutions.
Examples of Ion Exchange reactions for Strongly Basic Anion Exchange Resins
These resins are used most frequently in the hydroxide form for acidity reduction.
Salt forms of a strong base anion exchanger are used to remove other anions for which the resin has greater selectivity.
Regeneration
Conclusion
Ion exchange is a reversible chemical reaction where an ion (an atom or molecule that has lost or gained an electron and thus acquired an electrical charge) from solution is exchanged for a similarly charged ion attached to an immobile solid particle. These solid ion exchange particles are either naturally occurring inorganic zeolites or synthetically produced organic resins. The synthetic organic resins are the predominant type used today because their characteristics can be tailored to specific applications.