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AIR TANAH
&
TANAMAN
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Glukosa
Pati
Fotosintesis:
CO2 + H2O Karbohidrat (Glukosa)
Glukosa
Pati
KEBUTUHAN AIR TANAMAN A plant has different water needs at different stages of growth. While a plant is young it requires less water than when it is in the reproductive stage. When the plant approaches maturity, its water need drops. Curves have been developed that show the daily water needs for most types of crops.
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Tanah subur yg ideal: Mineral 45% Organic matter 5% Water 25% Air 25%
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A soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. Each soil series consists of soils having major horizons that are similar in color, texture, structure, reaction, consistency, mineral and chemical composition, and arrangement in the soil profile. The soil profile extends from the surface downward to unconsolidated material. Most soils have three major horizons called the surface horizon, the subsoil, and the substratum.
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Molekul air terdiri atas atom oksigen dan dua atom hidrogen, yang berikatan secara kovalen Atom-atom tidak terikat secara linear (H-O-H), tetapi atom hidrogen melekat pada atom oksigen seperti huruf V dengan sudut 105o.
+ H
105o
H
Zone elektro negatif
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Plants develop the tension, or potential, to move soil water from the soil into the roots and distribute the water through the plant by adjusting the water potential, or tension, within their plant cells. The essence of the process is that water always moves from higher to lower water potential. For water to move from the soil, to roots, to stems, to leaves, to air the water potential must always be decreasing.
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Lingkaran Tanah-AirTanaman
LTAT mrpk sistem dinamik dan terpadu dimana air mengalir dari tempat dengan tegangan rendah menuju tempat dengan tegangan air tinggi.
Penguapan
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SISTEM TANAH-TANAMAN Structure of water transport model for the soil-leaf continuum, with the inputs outlined in boxes. Root and shoot components are represented by a resistance network, each component of which varies according to the inputted K(y) function from vulnerability curves of xylem. Layers of roots reach to different soil depths according to an inputted root area profile. Canopy layers reflect an inputted leaf area and Y profile. Soil is modeled as a rhizosphere resistance connecting roots to bulk soil of an inputted y and K(y). The model predicts transpiration (E) as a function of the inputs.
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Kekuatan ikatan antara molekul air dengan partikel tanah dinyatakan dengan TEGANGAN AIR TANAH. Ini merupakan fungsi dari gaya-gaya adesi dan kohesi di antara molekul - molekul air dan partikel tanah
Adesi
Kohesi
Air terikat
Air bebas
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).
Fine textured soils with small pores can hold the greatest amounts of PAW.
Coarse textured sandy soils with large pores can hold the least amounts of PAW.
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Perubahan status air dalam tanah, mulai dari kondisi jenuh hingga titik layu
Titik layu
PERHATIKANLAH proses yang terjadi kalau tanah basah dibiarkan mengering. Bagan berikut melukiskan hubungan antara tebal lapisan air di sekeliling partikel tanah dengan tegangan air
Bidang singgung tanah dan air Koef. Koef. padatan tanah higroskopis layu
Kapasitas lapang
15 atm
1/3 atm
10.000 atm
Tegangan air
relationship.
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Air higroskopis
Air kapiler Air tersedia Lambat tersedia Cepat tersedia Zone optimum Air gravitasi
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0.1
Hubungan antara kadar air tanah dan tegangan air tanah untuk tekstur lempung
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POLARITAS Molekul air mempunyai dua ujung, yaitu ujung oksigen yg elektronegatif dan ujung hidrogen yang elektro-positif. Dalam kondisi cair, molekul-molekul air saling bergandengan membentuk kelompok-kelompok kecil tdk teratur. Ciri polaritas ini menyebabkan plekul air tertarik pada ion-ion elektrostatis. Kation-kation K+, Na+, Ca++ menjadi berhidrasi kalau ada molekul air, membentuk selimut air, ujung negatif melekat kation. Permukaan liat yang bermuatan negatif, menarik ujung positif molekul air.
Kation hidrasi
Tebalnya selubung air tgt pd rapat muatan pd permukaan kation. Rapat muatan = muatan kation / luas permukaan
Selubung air
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IKATAN HIDROGEN Atom hidrogen berfungsi sebagai titik penyambung (jembatan) antar molekul air. Ikatan hidrogen inilah yg menyebabkan titik didih dan viskositas air relatif tinggi
KOHESI vs. ADHESI Kohesi: ikatan hidrogen antar molekul air Adhesi: ikatan antara molekul air dengan permukaan padatan lainnya Melalui kedua gaya-gaya ini partikel tanah mampu menahan air dan mengendalikan gerakannya dalam tanah
TEGANGAN PERMUKAAN Terjadinya pada bidang persentuhan air dan udara, gaya kohesi antar molekul air lebih besra daripada adhesi antara air dan udara.
Udara Permukaan air-udara
air
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Retensi dan pergerakan air tanah melibatkan energi, yaitu: Energi Potensial, Energi Kinetik dan Energi Elektrik. Selanjutnya status energi dari air disebut ENERGI BEBAS, yang merupakan PENJUMLAHAN dari SEMUA BENTUK ENERGI yang ada. Air bergerak dari zone air berenergi bebas tinggi (tanah basah) menuju zone air berenergi bebas rendah (tanah kering).
Gaya-gaya yg berpengaruh Gaya matrik: tarikan padatan tanah (matrik) thd molekul air; Gaya osmotik: tarikan kation-kation terlarut thd molekul air Gaya gravitasi: tarikan bumi terhadap molekul air tanah.
Potensial air tanah Ketiga gaya tersebut di atas bekerja bersama mempengaruhi energi bebas air tanah, dan selanjutnya menentukan perilaku air tanah, .. POTENSIAL TOTAL AIR TANAH (PTAT) PTAT adalah jumlah kerja yg harus dilakukan untuk memindahkan secara berlawanan arah sejumlah air murni bebas dari ketinggian tertentu secara isotermik ke posisi tertentu air tanah. PTAT = Pt = perbedaan antara status energi air tanah dan air murni bebas Pt = Pg + Pm + Po +
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Potensial positif
Energi bebas naik bila air tanah berada pada letak ketinggian yg lebih tinggi dari titik baku pengenal (referensi)
0
Menurun karena pengaruh osmotik
Potensial negatif
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POTENSIAL TARIKAN BUMI = Potensial gravitasi Pg = G.h dimana G = percepatan gravitasi, h = tinggi air tanah di atas posisi ketinggian referensi. Potensial gravitasi berperanan penting dalam menghilangkan kelebihan air dari bagian atas zone perakaran setelah hujan lebat atau irigasi
Potensial matrik dan Osmotik Potensial matrik merupakan hasil dari gaya-gaya jerapan dan kapilaritas. Gaya jerapan ditentukan oleh tarikan air oleh padatan tanah dan kation jerapan Gaya kapilaritas disebabkan oleh adanya tegangan permukaan air. Potensial matriks selalu negatif Potensial osmotik terdapat pd larutan tanah, disebabkan oleh adanya bahan-bahan terlarut (ionik dan non-ionik). Pengaruh utama potensial osmotik adalah pada serapan air oleh tanaman
Hisapan dan Tegangan Potensial matrik dan osmotik adalah negatif, keduanya bersifat menurunkan energi bebas air tanah. Oleh karena itu seringkali potensial negatif itu disebut HISAPAN atau TEGANGAN. Hisapan atau Tegangan dapat dinyatakan dengan satuan-satuan positif. Jadi padatan-tanah bertanggung jawab atas munculnya HISAPAN atau TEGANGAN.
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Tegangan: dinyatakan dengan tinggi (cm) dari satuan kolom air yang bobotnya sama dengan tegangan tsb. Tinggi kolom air (cm) tersebut lazimnya dikonversi menjadi logaritma dari sentimeter tinggi kolom air, selanjutnya disebut pF.
Logaritma tinggi kolom air (pF) 1 2 2.53 3 4 4.18 4.5 5 Bar Atmosfer
Tinggi unit kolom air (cm) 10 100 346 1000 10000 15849 31623 100.000
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KURVA ENERGI - LENGAS TANAH Tegangan air menurun secara gradual dengan meningkatnya kadar air tanah. Tanah liat menahan air lebih banyak dibanding tanah pasir pada nilai tegangan air yang sama Tanah yang Strukturnya baik mempunyai total pori lebih banyak, shg mampu menahan air lebih banyak Pori medium dan mikro lebih kuat menahan air dp pori makro
Liat
Lempung
Pasir
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Jelaskan bagaimana tektur tanah mempengaruhi jumlah air tersedia bagi 38 tanaman? Sebanyak 250 kata
Jelaskan tanah-tanah yang tekturnya halus mampu menahan lebih banyak air dibandingkan dgn tanah-tanah yang teksturnya kasar? Sebanyak 250 kata 39
Gerakan tidak jenuh = gejala kapilaritas = air bergerak dari muka air tanah ke atas melalui pori mikro. Gaya adhesi dan kohesi bekerja aktif pada kolom air (dalam pri mikro), ujung kolom air berbentuk cekung. Perbedaan tegangan air tanah akan menentukan arah gerakan air tanah secara tidak jenuh.
Air bergerak dari daerah dengan tegangan rendah (kadar air tinggi) ke daerah yang tegangannya tinggi (kadar air rendah, kering). Gerakan air ini dapat terjadi ke segala arah dan berlangsung secara terus-menerus.
Pelapisan tanah berpengaruh terhadap gerakan air tanah. Lapisan keras atau lapisan kedap air memperlambat gerakan air Lapisan berpasir menjadi penghalang bagi gerakan air dari lapisan yg bertekstur halus. Gerakan air dlm lapisan berpasir sgt lambat pd tegangan
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Air hujan dan irigasi memasuki tanah, menggantikan udara dalam pori makro - medium - mikro. Selanjutnya air bergerak ke bawah melalui proses gerakan jenuh dibawah pengaruh gaya gravitasi dan kapiler. Gerakan air jenuh ke arah bawah ini berlangsung terus selama cukup air dan tidak ada lapisan penghalang
Lempung berliat
4 jam
24 jam
Pola Penetrasi dan Pergerakan Air pada tanah Berpasir dan tanah Lempung-liat
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PERKOLASI
Jumlah air perkolasi Faktor yg berpengaruh: 1. Jumlah air yang ditambahkan 2. Kemampuan infiltrasi permukaan tanah 3. Daya hantar air horison tanah 4. Jumlah air yg ditahan profil tanah pd kondisi kapasitas lapang
Keempat faktor di atas ditentukan oleh struktur dan tekstur tanah Tanah berpasir punya kapasitas ilfiltrasi dan daya hantar air sangat tinggi, kemampuan menahan air rendah, shg perkolasinya mudah dan cepat
Tanah tekstur halus, umumnya perkolasinya rendah dan sangat beragam; faktor lain yg berpengaruh: 1. Bahan liat koloidal dpt menyumbat pori mikro & medium 2. Liat tipe 2:1 yang mengembang-mengkerut sangat berperan
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Kecepatan gerakan air dlm tanah dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor: 1. Daya dari air yang bergerak 2. Hantaran hidraulik = Hantaran kapiler = daya hantar i = k.f dimana i = volume air yang bergerak; f = daya air yg bergerak dan k = konstante.
Daya air yg bergerak = daya penggerak, ditentukan oleh dua faktor: 1. Gaya gravitasi, berpengaruh thd gerak ke bawah 2. Selisih tegangan air tanah, ke semua arah Gerakan air semakin cepat kalau perbedaan tegangan semakin tinggi.
Hantaran hidraulik ditentukan oleh bbrp faktor: 1. Ukuran pori tanah 2. Besarnya tegangan untuk menahan air Pada gerakan jenuh, tegangan airnya rendah, shg hantaran hidraulik berbanding lurus dengan ukuran pori Pd tanah pasir, penurunan daya hantar lebih jelas kalau terjadi penurunan kandungan air tanah Lapisan pasir dlm profil tanah akan menjadi penghalang gerakan air tidak jenuh
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Penetrasi air dari tnh basah ke tnh kering (cm) 18 Tanah lembab, kadar air awal 29%
Tanah lembab, kadar air awal 15.9% 0 26 Jumlah hari kontak, hari Sumber: Gardner & Widtsoe, 1921.
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Penguapan air tanah terjadi internal (dalam pori tanah) dan eksternal (di permukaan tanah) Udara tanah selalu jenus uap air, selama kadar air tanah tidak lebih rendah dari koefisien higroskopis (tegangan 31 atm).
Mekanisme Gerakan uap air Difusi uap air terjadi dlm udara tanah, penggeraknya adalah perbedaan tekanan uap air. Arah gerapan menuju ke daerah dg tekanan uap rendah
Pengaruh suhu dan lengas tanah terhadap gerapan uap air dalam tanah
Lembab Dingin
Kering Dingin
Kering Panas
Lembab Panas
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KAPASITAS RETENSI MAKSIMUM adalah: Kondisi tanah pada saat semua pori terisi penuh air, tanah jenuh air, dan tegangan matrik adalah nol. KAPASITAS LAPANG: air telah meninggalkan pori makro, mori makro berisi udara, pori mikro masih berisi air; tegangan matrik 0.1 - 0.2 bar; pergerakan air terjadi pd pori mikro/ kapiler
KOEFISIEN LAYU: siang hari tanaman layu dan malam hari segar kembali, lama-lama tanaman layu siang dan malam; tegangan matrik 15 bar. Air tanah hanya mengisi pori mikro yang terkecil saja, sebagian besar air tidak tersedia bagi tanaman. Titik layu permanen, bila tanaman tidak dapat segar kembali
KOEFISIEN HIGROSKOPIS Molekul air terikat pada permukaan partikel koloid tanah, terikat kuat sehingga tidak berupa cairan, dan hanya dapat bergerak dlm bentuk uap air, tegangan matrik-nya sekitar 31 bar. Tanah yg kaya bahan koloid akan mampu menahan air higroskopis lebih banyak dp tanah yg miskin bahan koloidal.
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Air Bebas (Drainase): a. Air yang berada di atas kapasitas lapang b. Air yang ditahan tanah dg tegangan kurang dari 0.1-0.5 atm c. Tidak diinginkan, hilang dengan drainase d. Bergerak sebagai respon thd tegangan dan tarika gravitasi bumi e. Hara tercuci bersamanya AIR KAPILER: a. Air antara kapasitas lapang dan koefisien higroskopis b. Tegangan lapisan air berkisar 0.1 - 31 atm c. Tidak semuanya tersedia bagi tanaman d. Bergerak dari lapisan tebal ke lapisan tipis e. Berfungsi sebagai larutan tanah AIR HIGROSKOPIS : a. Air diikat pd koefisien higroskopis b. Tegangan berkisar antara 31 - 10.000 atm c. Diikat oleh koloid tanah d. Sebagian besar bersifat non-cairan e. Bergerak sebagai uap air
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Berdasarkan tegangan air tanah dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga bagian: Air bebas, kapiler dan higroskopis
Air Kapiler Peka thd gerakan kapiler, laju penyesuaian meningkat dg meningkatnya kelembaban tanah
Ruang diisi udara Biasanya jenuh uap air Setelah hujan lebat sebagian diisi air, tetapi air cepat hilang krn gravitasi bumi Lapisan bawah tanah Karena pemadatan ruang pori berkurang
Kolom tanah
Klasifikasi berdasarkan ketersediaannya bagi tanaman: 1. AIR BERLEBIHAN: air bebas yg kurang tersedia bagi tanaman. Kalau jumlahnya banyak berdampak buruk bagi tanaman, aerasi buruk, akar kekurangan oksigen, anaerobik, pencucian air
2. AIR TERSEDIA: air yg terdapat antara kap. Lapang dan koef. Layu. Air perlu ditambahkan untuk mencapai pertumbuhan tanaman yang optimum apabila 50 - 85% air yg tersedia telah habis terpakai. Kalau air tanah mendekati koefisien layu, penyerapan air oleh akar tanaman tdk begitu cepat dan tidak mampu mengimbangi pertumbuhan tanaman
3. AIR TIDAK TERSEDIA: AIR yg diikat oleh tanah pd TITIK LAYU permanen, yaitu air higroskopis dan sebagian kecil air kapiler.
KH
31 atm Air Higroskopis
KL
15 atm Air Kapiler
KP
1/3 atm Ruang udara dan air drainase
100 % pori
Tdk tersedia
Tersedia
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Faktor yg berpengaruh: 1. Hubungan tegangan dengan kelengasan 2. Kedalaman tanah 3. Pelapisan Tanah
TEGANGAN MATRIK : tekstur, struktur dan kandungan bahan organik mempengaruhi jumlah air yg dapat disediakan tanah bagi tanaman TEGANGAN OSMOTIK: adanya garam dalam tanah meningkatkan tegangan osmotik dan menurunkan jumlah air tersedia, yaitu menaikkan koefisien layu.
Persen air
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Liat
Dua proses yg memungkinkan akar tanaman mampu menyerap air dlm jumlah banyak, yaitu: 1. Gerakan kapiler air tanah mendekati permukaan akar penyerap 2. Pertumbuhan akar ke arah zone tanah yang mengandung air
LAJU GERAKAN KAPILER Bulu akar menyerap air Jumlah air tanah berkurang Tegangan air tanah meningkat Terjadi gerakan kapiler air menuju bulu akar
Laju gerakan tgt perbedaan tegangan dan daya hantar pori tanah
LAJU PERPANJANGAN AKAR Selama masa pertumbuhan tanaman, akar tanaman tumbuh memanjang dengan cepat, sehingga luas permukaan akar juga tumbuh terus. Jumlah luas permukaan akar penyerap yang bersentuhan langsung dengan sebagian kecil air tanah (yaitu sekitar 1-2%)
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HADANGAN HUJAN OLEH TUMBUHAN Tajuk tumbuhan mampu menangkap sejumlah air hujan, sebagian air ini diuapkan kembali ke atmosfer. Vegetasi hutan di daerah iklim basah mampu menguapkan kembali air hujan yg ditangkapnya hingga 25%, dan hanya 5% yg mencapai tanah melalui cabang dan batangnya.
Awan hujan
Pembentukan Awan
presipitasi
transpirasi evaporasi
Run off
Groundwater
Sungai - laut
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Sekitar 5 - 25% dari curah hujan dihadang tanaman dan dikembalikan ke atmosfer. Besarnya tergantung pada kesuburan tanaman dan stadia pertumbuhan tanaman . Dari curah hujan 375 mm, hanya sekitar 300-350 mm yang mencapai tanah.
Hadangan curah hujan oleh jagung dan kedelai Keadaan hujan Persen dari curah hujan total untuk: Jagung Kedelai 70.3 22.8 93.1 6.9 65.0 20.4 85.4 14.6
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Atmosfer Daun
Batang
Akar Tanah
500
300
100
25
20
15
10
EVAPOTRANSPIRASI
Kehilangan uap air dari tanah: 1. EVAPORASI: penguapan air dari permukaan tanah 2. TRANSPIRASI: Penguapan air dari permukaan tanaman 3. EVAPOTRANSPIRASI = Evaporasi + Transpirasi Laju penguapan air tgt pd perbedaan potensial air = selisih tekanan uap air = perbedaan antara tekanan uap air pd permukaan daun (atau permukaan tanah) dengan atmosfer
Faktor Iklim dan Tanah: 1. Energi Penyinaran 2. Tekanan uap air di atmosfer 3. Suhu 4. Angin 5. Persediaan air tanah Air tanah Jagung Tinggi Sedang Sumber: Kelly, 1957. 17.7 12.7 Evapotranspirasi (cm: Medicago sativa 24.4 20.5
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Ketersediaan air di daerah perakaran sangat menentukan besarnya evapotranspirasi. Kedalaman daerah perakaran tanaman 50 - 60 cm. Air tanah pada lapisan olah mengalami pengurangan karena evaporasi permukaan Air tanah pd lapisan bawah mengalami pengurangan karena diserap akar tanaman Evapotranspirasi (cm): Jagung Padang Rumput 24.25 20.75 23.45 21.17
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Pemakaian Konsumtif merupakan jumlah kehilangan air melalui evaporasi dan transpirasi. Lazim digunakan sebagai ukuran dari seluruh air yg hilang dari tanaman melalui evapotranspirasi Ini merupakan angka-praktis untuk keperluan pengairan
Dua faktor penting yg menentukan PK adalah: 1. KEDALAMAN PERAKARAN TANAMAN 2. FASE PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN PK dapat berkisar 30 - 215 cm atau lebih: 1. Daerah basah - semi arid dg irigasi: 37.5 - 75 cm. 2. Daerah panas dan kering dg irigasi: 50 - 125 cm. EVAPORASI vs TRANSPIRASI Faktor yg berpengaruh adalah: 1. Perbandingan luas tutupan tanaman thd luas tanah 2. Efisiensi pemakaian air berbagai tanaman 3. Perbandingan waktu tanaman berada di lapangan 4. Keadaan iklim Di daerah basah : EVAPORASI $ TRANSPIRASI Di daerah kering: 1. EVAPORASI $ 70 - 75 % dari seluruh hujan yg jatuh 2. TRANSPIRASI $ 20 - 25% 3. RUN OFF $ 5%
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WUE $ Produksi tanaman yg dapat dicapai dari pemakaian sejumlah air tersedia WUE dapat dinyatakan sbg: 1. Pemakaian konsumtif (dalam kg) setiap kg jaringan tanaman yg dihasilkan 2. Transpirasi (dalam kg) setiap kg jaringan tanaman yg dihasilkan NISBAH TRANSPIRASI
Jumlah air yg diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1 kg bahan kering tanaman NISBAH TRANSPIRASI Untuk tanaman di daerah humid: 200 - 500, di daerah arid duakalinya Tanaman Beans Jagung Peas Kentang Nisbah Transpirasi 209 - 282 - 736 233 - 271 - 368 259 - 416 - 788 385 - 636
FAKTOR WUE
Faktor yang mempengaruhi WUE: Iklim, Tanah, dan Hara WUE tertinggi lazimnya terjadi pd tanaman yg berproduksi optimum; Adanya faktor pembatas pertumbuhan akan menurunkan WUE
Nisbah evapo-transpirasi tanaman di lokasi yg mempunyai defisit kejenuhan dari atmosfer 800 Kentang Kacang polong 400 Jagung 0 0 Defisit kejenuhan dari atmosfer (mm Hg) 12 14
15
Kadar air tanah tinggi
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Pengendalian Penguapan
MULSA & PENGELOLAAN Mulsa adalah bahan yg dipakai pd permukaan tanah untuk mengurangi penguapan air atau untuk menekan pertumbuhan gulma. Lazimnya mulsa spt itu digunakan untuk tanaman yang tidak memerlukan pengolahan tanah tambahan
MULSA KERTAS & PLASTIK Bahan mulsa dihamparkan di permukaan tanah, diikat spy tdk terbang, dan tanaman tumbuh melalui lubang-lubang yg telah disiapkan Selama tanah tertutup mulsa, air tanah dapat diawetkan dan pertumbuhan gulma dikendalikan
MULSA SISA TANAMAN Bahan mulsa berasal dari sisa tanaman yg ditanam sebelumnya, misalnya jerami padi, jagung, dan lainnya Bahan mulsa dipotong-potong dan disebarkan di permukaan tanah Cara WALIK DAMI sebelum penanaman kedelai gadu setelah padi sawah MULSA TANAH $ Pengolahan tanah Efektivitas mulsa tanah dalam konservasi air-tanah (mengendalikan evaporasi) masih diperdebatkan, hasil-hasil penelitian masih snagat beragam
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Alasan pengolahan tanah: 1. Mempertahankan kondisi fisika tanah yg memuaskan 2. Membunuh gulma 3. Mengawetkan air tanah.
Pengendalian Penguapan vs Pemberantasan Gulma Perlakuan Hasil jagung (t/ha) Kadar air tanah (%) hingga kedalaman 1 m
Tanah dibajak dg persiapan yg baik 1. Dibebaskan dari gulma 2. Gulma dibiarkan tumbuh 3. Tiga kali pengolahan dangkal Persiapan Buruk 4. Dibebaskan dari gulma Sumber: Mosier dan Gutafson, 1915.
Pengolahan tanah yg dapat mengendalikan gulma dan memperbaiki kondisi fisik tanah akan berdampak positif thd produksi tanaman Pengolahan tanah yg berlebihan dapat merusak akar tanaman dan merangsang evaporasi, shg merugikan tanaman
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Canopy interception
is the precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage and eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground.
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includes the variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff. As it flows, the water may infiltrate into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses.
LIMPASAN = Runoff
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Evaporation
is the transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere. The source of energy for evaporation is primarily solar radiation. Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, though together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration.
Approximately 90% of atmospheric water comes from evaporation, while the remaining 10% is from transpiration. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately 505,000 km of water, 434,000 km of which evaporates from the oceans.
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Aktivitas manusia yang dapat mempengaruhi siklus air : Pertanian Alteration of the chemical composition of the atmosphere Construction of dams Deforestation and afforestation Removal of groundwater from wells Water abstraction from rivers Urbanization .
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KAPASITAS PENYIMPANAN AIR: WATER HOLDING CAPACITY Soil "holds" water available for crop use, retaining it against the pull of gravity. This is one of the most important physical facts for agriculture. If the soil did not hold water, if water was free to flow downward with the pull of gravity as in a river or canal, we would have to constantly irrigate, or hope that it rained every two or three days. There would be no reason to pre-irrigate. And there would be no such thing as dryland farming.
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Hubungan antara Potensial Air Tanah dnegan Air Tersedia pada tiga macam tekstur tanah
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The soil's ability to hold water depends on both the soil texture and structure. Texture describes the relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay particles. The finer the soil texture (higher percentage of silt and clay), the more water soil can hold. Gravity is always working to pull water downwards below the plant's root zone. To counteract the pull of gravity, soil is able to generate its own forces, commonly called "matric forces" ("matric" because of the soil "matrix" structure that forms the basis for the forces).
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An important fact about the soil's water-holding forces is that as the level of soil moisture goes down, the soil generates more force. This is the reason that some water will move up into the root zone from a shallow ground water table. As the plant extracts water in the root zone, the soil pulls water up from the area with more water to the area with less. As you would expect, the rate at which the water-holding forces go up with decreasing soil moisture is different for different soils. In a coarse soil, they will go up slowly. This means that plants can extract a great amount of water from coarse soils before they stress. In contrast, these forces rise quickly in finer soils.
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Graphically, the relationship can be described by the Figure SWP-1. Looking at the lowest line for a coarse soil. You can see that at A, the soil moisture level is very high and the water-holding forces are low. This means that the plant can extract water easily from the soil. At B, the soil moisture level is lower but the water-holding forces haven't gone up that much. The plant can still extract water easily. However at C, the soil moisture level is very low and the waterholding forces have increased greatly. The plant cannot extract water easily and will be stressed.
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HUBUNGAN TANAH-AIR
The role of soil in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is unique. It has been demonstrated that soil is not essential for plant growth and indeed plants can be grown hydroponically (in a liquid culture). However, usually plants are grown in the soil and soil properties directly affect the availability of water and nutrients to plants. Soil water affects plant growth directly through its controlling effect on plant water status and indirectly through its effect on aeration, temperature, and nutrient transport, uptake and transformation. The understanding of these properties is helpful in good irrigation design and management.
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The soil system is composed of three major components: solid particles (minerals and organic matter), water with various dissolved chemicals, and air. The percentage of these components varies greatly with soil texture and structure. An active root system requires a delicate balance between the three soil components; but the balance between the liquid and gas phases is most critical, since it regulates root activity and plant growth process.
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The amount of soil water is usually measured in terms of water content as percentage by volume or mass, or as soil water potential. Water content does not necessarily describe the availability of the water to the plants, nor indicates, how the water moves within the soil profile. The only information provided by water content is the relative amount of water in the soil.
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Soil water potential, which is defined as the energy required to remove water from the soil, does not directly give the amount of water present in the root zone either. Therefore, soil water content and soil water potential should both be considered when dealing with plant growth and irrigation. The soil water content and soil water potential are related to each other, and the soil water characteristic curve provides a graphical representation of this relationship.
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The nature of the soil characteristic curve depends on the physical properties of the soil namely, texture and structure. Soil texture refers to the distribution of the soil particle sizes. The mineral particles of soil have a wide range of sizes classified as sand, silt, and clay. The proportion of each of these particles in the soil determines its texture. All mineral soils are classified depending on their texture. Every soil can be placed in a particular soil group using a soil textural triangle . For example a soil with 60% sand and 10% clay separates is classified as a Sandy loam
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Kapasitas Lapangan
Field Capacity
There are limits on the amount of water that soil holds for crop use. The upper limit is termed "field capacity". During an irrigation, or whenever excess water is added to soil, water drains down through the soil due to the pull of gravity. At first, this internal drainage is relatively rapid. However, it soon slows to almost nothing. (The increasing soil water-holding forces finally start to counteract gravity.) At this point we would say the soil is at field capacity.
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You can demonstrate field capacity using a visualization of a sponge (like soil, a porous material that will hold water). Using a pan of water, hold a sponge under water until it is saturated. Now, pull the sponge out of the water. It will immediately start to drip water, quickly at first, then slower and slower. At some point it will essentially stop dripping. The internal drainage has stopped and the sponge is at field capacity. It is very important to note that you can soak more water into soil that is already at field capacity. There will be open soil pores that will take the water. However, the excess water will not be held. It will just drain down until the soil moisture returns to field capacity.
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You can use the sponge again to demonstrate this important fact. With the sponge at "field capacity", use a cup to pour water on it. The water will soak in, there will be open pores in the sponge that will take in water. But you will see that the sponge starts dripping again as the excess water starts to drain off the bottom. Because of this ability to hold water against the pull of gravity, soil does not act like a bathtub during irrigations. That is, irrigation water does not have to go to some "bottom" and then fill back up to the top. Rather soil fills to field capacity from the top down.
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Field capacity
is a soil-based concept.
That is, it depends on the texture and structure of the soil as well as the physical conditions in the field. Coarse soils have lower field capacities than fine soils. If there is a high water table or severe stratification that would restrict drainage, the field capacity would be higher than normal.
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The effective root zone is that depth of soil where you want to control soil moisture (just as you control fertility and weed/pest pressures). The effective root zone may or may not be the actual depth of all active roots. It may be shallower because of concerns for crop quality or development (as with many vegetable crops). For a pre-irrigation though, you may want to consider the maximum potential root zone as the effective root zone for that irrigation. For example, with cotton you may estimate the effective root zone as 6 feet for a preirrigation, 2 feet for the first seasonal irrigation, 4 feet for the second seasonal, and 6 feet thereafter. For an almond orchard, you may estimate the effective root zone as four feet for the entire season. With onions, the major concern is with the top 2 feet.
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The pore volume is actually a reservoir for holding water. Not all of the water in the reservoir is available for plant use. Figure 3 represents a "wet" (saturated) soil immediately after a large rainfall. Note that all of the pores are filled with water. Gravity will pull some of this water down through the soil below the crop's root zone. The water that is redistributed below the root zone due to the force of gravity is gravitational water. In general, gravitational water is not available to plants, especially in sandy soils, because the redistribution process occurs quickly (in two days or less).
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Kapan tanah perlu ditambah air agar tanaman tidak terganggu pertumbuhannya? Jelaskan pendapat Saudara dnegan 250 kata?
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Saturated (wet) soil. All pores (light areas) are filled with water. The dark areas represent soil solids. 95
Water distribution in a soil at field capacity. Capillary water (lightly shaded areas ) in soil pores is available to plants. Field capacity represents the upper 96 limit of plant-available water.
Water distribution in a soil at thw wilting point. This water is held tightly in thin films around soil particles and is unavailable to plants. The wilting point represents the lower limit of plant-available water. 97
Plant-available water, PAW, adalah volume air yang disimpan dalam tanah yang dapat digunakan oleh tanaman .
It is the difference between the volume of water stored when the soil is at field capacity and the volume still remaining when the soil reaches the permanent wilting point (the lower limit), as shown in Figure 6.
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Gambar. Kalau tanaman menyerap air, tanah di sekitar perakaran menjadi mengering . If the rate of water movement from moist zones is less than the PET, the plant temporarily wilts.
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Pada malam hari, pada saat PET menurun hingga mendekati nol , air tanah bergerak dari tanah yang lebih basah memasuki zone tanah yang lebih kering di sekitar akar tanaman. The plant recovers turgor and wilting ceases (Figure 8). This process of wilting during the day and recovering at night is referred to as temporary wilting.
Proper irrigation scheduling reduces the length of time a crop is temporarily wilted.
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Gambar . At night when the PET is low, the plant recovers from wilting as water moves from moist zones (dark areas) to eliminate the dry zones around the roots.
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Hubungan antara distribusi air dalam tanah dan konsep jadwal irigasi ketika 50 percent air tersedia telah habis
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FAKTOR TANAMAN
Three plant factors must be considered in developing a sound irrigation schedule: the crop's effective root depth, its moisture use rate, and its sensitivity to drought stress (that is, the amount that crop yield or quality is reduced by drought stress).
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JUMLAH AIR YANG DAPAT DISERAP TANAMAN DIPENGARUHI OLEH DISTRIBUSI AKAR DLAMA TANAH
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The effective root depth is the depth that should be used to compute the volume of PAW in the soil reservoir. The effective root depth for a mature root zone is estimated to be one-half the maximum rooting depth listed in Table 2. For example, under North Carolina conditions corn has a maximum rooting depth of 2 feet; thus, the maximum effective root depth is estimated to be 1 foot. Effective root depth is further influenced by the stage of crop development. Effective root depths for most aops inaease as top growth inaeases until the reproductive stage is reached. After this time, effective root depth remains fairly constant.
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Kedalaman perakaran tanaman jagung pada berbagai umur pertumbuhannya. Jadwal irigasi harus didasarkan pada kedalaman efektif akar dan bukan pada kedamalan maksimum perakaran .
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Penggunaan air harian tanaman jagung dipengaruhi oleh fase pertumbuhan tanaman . Jadwal irigasi harus disesuaikan dengan perubahan konsumsi air tanaman selama musim pertumbuhannya
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Kepekaan tanaman jagung terhadap kekeringan dipengaruhi oleh fase pertumbuhannya. Semakin besar tingkat kepekaannya, maka pengaruh kekeringan terhadap hasil semakin besar.
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When if rigation is scheduled before the crop root system is fully developed, the amount of irrigation to apply should be based on the depleted PAW within the actual effective root depth at the time of irrigation. For example, irrigation scheduled when corn is at the knee-high stage (35 to 40 days after planting) should apply only about twothirds as much water as an irrigation scheduled during the tasseling stage (65 days after planting) because the effective rooting depth at the knee-high stage is only two-thirds as deep (8 inches compared to 12 inches). For soils that have an abrupt textural change within the effective root depth, such as a loamy sand surface texture overlying a sandy clay loam, a correction may be necessary to account for the different amounts of PAW within each soil texture.
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Bagaimana mycorrhiza dapat membantu penyerapan air dari dalam tanah? Uraian 250 kata
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Pola penyerapan air oleh tanaman yang tumbuh pada profil tanah yang tidak mempunyai lapisan penghambat dan suplai air tersedia cukup di seluruh zone perakaran tanaman
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Sistem Perakaran Serabut dan Perakaran Tunggang pada Tanaman umur dua bulan
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Penyerapan air tanaman LOMBOK (Capsicum annum dan Capsicum frutescens) Tanaman lombok mempunyai akar utama yang patah pada saat trans-planting dan kemudian menumbuhkan banyak akar-akar lateral. Kedalaman akar dapat meluas hingga 1 m tetapi pada kondisi irigasi ternyata akar terkonsentrasi pada lapisan tanah atas seda-lam 0.3 m. Pada kondisi evapoytranspirasi maksimum 5-6 mm/hari, 25-30% total air tersedia dapat dihabiskan sebelum terjadi reduksi penyerapan air (p=0.250.30). Biasanya 100% penyerapan air terjadi dalam keda;laman lapisan tanah 0.5 - 1.0 m (D = 0.5-1.0 m).
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Pergerakan air dari lapisan tanah basah ke lapisan tanah kering dengan bantuan sistem perakaran tanaman
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Secondly, they need water to carry nutrients into themselves which are dissolved in the soil water. They can't munch on dry fertiliser. No water.....or I should say, "no passage of water into the plant"...... and no nutrient uptake. If the plant can't take up water, it will become starved of nutrients. It's not so uncommon to see high nutrient soils and pale, nutrientstarved crops because of an inability of the plant to take up water. Thirdly, plants need water to photosynthesize. To summarise a fairly complex process, photosynthesis is the synthesis of sugar (energy) from light, carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen as a by-product. Take away any of those factors, and the plant won't grow. It has no energy.
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AIR GRAVITASI
This is the water which is susceptible to the forces of gravity. It exists after significant rainfall, and after substantial irrigation. This is the water which fills all the pore-space, and leaves no room for oxygen and gaseous exchange. In "light" soils, this tends to drain away quickly. In heavy soils, this can take time.
AIR KAPILER
This is the water which is held with the force of SURFACE TENSION by the soil particles, and is resistent to the forces of gravity. This is the water which is present after the gravitational water has drained away, leaving spaces free for gaseous exchange. When the soil is holding it's MAXIMUM capillary water (after the gravitational water has drained), this is called FIELD CAPACITY. At this point, the plant is able to take up water easily, and has the oxygen that it needs in the root zone.
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AIR HIGROSKOPIS
This is the water which is held so tightly (by surface tension) to the soil particles that the plant roots can't take it up. It's there.......but it's unavailable. At this stage there's generally sufficient oxygen, but there just isn't enough available water. The plant wilts, and will eventually die if it doesn't get water. When the plant wilts and is unable to recover, this is called the TITIK LAYU PERMANEN
Titik layu permanen merupakan sifat tanah yang penting bagi pertumbuhan tanaman.
Jelaskan pendapat Saudara mengenai pentingnya sirkulasi air dalam sistem Tanah-Tanaman
250 kata
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Bibit tanaman tomat yang baru ditanam ini memerlukan cukup banyak air dari dalam tanah.
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The water enters the plants through the roots in a liquid form and leaves the plants through the stomates in a gaseous form.
Soil evaporation is the direct evaporation of water from the surface of the soil into the atmosphere.
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250 kata
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Hubungan antara kadar air tanah dnegan nilai pF, pada tiga macam tekstur tanah.
Vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant.
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Tanaman menyerap air dari dalam tanah melalui akarakarnya, kemudian diangkut ke daun untuk fotosintesis Jelaskan bagaimana akar tanaman menyerap air dari dalam tanah? dengan 250 kata Struktur Tanaman
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AKAR TANAMAN Often roots are overlooked, probably because they are less visible than the rest of the plant. However, it's important to understand plant root systems because they have a pronounced effect on a plant's size and vigor, method of propagation, adaptation to soil types, and response to cultural practices and irrigation. Roots typically originate from the lower portion of a plant or cutting. They have a root cap, but lack nodes and never bear leaves or flowers directly. Their principal functions are to absorb nutrients and moisture, anchor the plant in the soil, support the stem, and store food. In some plants, they can be used for propagation.
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AIR TANAMAN
Water is essential in the plant environment for a number of reasons. Water transports minerals through the soil to the roots where they are absorbed by the plant. Water is also the principal medium for the chemical and biochemical processes that support plant metabolism. Under pressure within plant cells, water provides physical support for plants. It also acts as a solvent for dissolved sugars and minerals transported throughout the plant. In addition, evaporation within intercellular spaces provides the cooling mechanism that allows plants to maintain the favorable temperatures necessary for metabolic processes.
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HUBUNGAN TANAH-AIR
The role of soil in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is unique. It has been demonstrated that soil is not essential for plant growth and indeed plants can be grown hydroponically (in a liquid culture). However, usually plants are grown in the soil and soil properties directly affect the availability of water and nutrients to plants. Soil water affects plant growth directly through its controlling effect on plant water status and indirectly through its effect on aeration, temperature, and nutrient transport, uptake and transformation. The understanding of these properties is helpful in good irrigation design and management.
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Air Irigasi
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Growth of most agricultural crops is favored by a soil water content that is high enough to encourage crop growth and development, but not so high that aeration becomes restrictive. If soil water is plantextracted to levels approaching the PWP, water is held so tenaciously by the soil that plants can no longer obtain sufficient water to meet the potential for transpiration. Transpiration is restricted and yield losses take place.
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IRRIGATION
A. Definition: Supplying water to plants in an artificial manner. (39% of all freshwater in US is used to irrigate crops) 1. Ancient practice first irrigation used ditches to divert rivers and streams. 2. California agriculture relies on irrigation. a. Mediterranean climate b. Crop diversification c. Economics
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the
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