WiMAX Coverage Planning and Capacity Calculation

ZTE University CDMA-BSS Team

Objective
After course training, you will:
 Master link budget principle  Calculate BS coverage range  Know how to calculate capacity

Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics Link Budget Principle and Meaning How to Calculate BS Coverage Range Coverage Influence Factors Capacity Calculation Method

Three Basic Propagation Methods

Reflection
f Radio waves encounter with a stumbling block whose

surface is much longer than the wave length.



Diffraction
f Radio waves encounter with an acute angle or slim bar.

Scattering
f Radio waves encounter with large quantities of grains

whose size is much shorter than the wave length.

Slow Fading and Quick Fading

Slow fading represents a slow change of receiver mean value varying with propagation distance and environments in a period of time.

Quick fading represents a quick fluctuation of received signals in a short period of time.

Multipath Fading

Multipath Fading
When a receiver moves in a complex environment where reflection or diffraction may occur, a level change of several tens of decibels and violent phase swinging will take place in a range less than one wave length.

Radio Signals in Land Mobile Communication

The propagation path of radio signals sent by BS depends on terrain and ground objects. The higher BS is located, the farther signals are transmitted.

Multipath propagation such as reflection, diffraction and scattering greatly affects propagation of radio waves, and sometimes leads to serious signal fading.

Higher frequency of radio waves results in more propagation path loss, lower diffraction capability and shorter propagation distance.

Wave Propagation in Urban

Fewer radio waves can directly reach to MS. In most of cases, signals received by MS are superimpositions of reflected waves, diffracted waves and scattered waves.

Free Space Propagation Path Loss

Free Space Propagation Path Loss:

L fs (dB) ! 32.45  20 log10 d Km  20 log10 f MHZ

The longer the propagation distance, the greater the path loss. The higher the wave frequency, the greater the path loss.

Path Loss
Allowed path loss = Transmitter (dBm) - Receiver (dBm) - Penetration loss (dB) - Fading margin (dB)

Propagation Model: PL(dB)=Function(F, HA, HM, D, C) PL: Path loss F: Frequency (Unit: MHz) D: Distance (Unit: km) H: BS antenna/MS effective height (Unit: m) C: Environment correction factor, including dense urban, urban, suburb and rural

Hate Model and COST-231 Model

-50 -60 -70 -80 +90 +80 +70

RSSI, dBm -90

-100 -110 -120 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33

Field Strength, +50 dBuV/m

+60 +40 +30 +20

Blue line: Drive test result Gray line: Hata model expected result

Distance from Cell Site, km

Input items Frequency Distance Antenna effective height Terrain (urban, suburb, rural)

Hata Model

PL (dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log (F) - 13.82 log(H) + (44. 9 - 6.55 log(H) )*log (D) + C
Hata Model PL: Path loss F: Frequency (Unit: MHz) (150 - 1500 MHz) D: Distance (Unit: km) H: BS antenna effective height (Unit: m) C: Environment correction factor. Value range: Dense Urban: 0 dB Urban: - 5 dB Suburb: - 10 dB Rural: - 17 dB COST-231 COST-231 PL: Path loss F: Frequency (Unit: MHz) (1500 - 2000 MHz) D: Distance (Unit: km) H: BS antenna effective height (Unit: m) C: Environment correction factor. Value range: Dense Urban: -2 dB Urban: -5 dB Suburb: -8 dB Rural: -10 dB Champaign: -26 dB

PL (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9*logF - 13.82*logH + (44.9 - 6.55*logH)*log D + C

Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics Link Budget Principle and Meaning How to Calculate BS Coverage Range Coverage Influence Factors Capacity Calculation Method

Radio Link Components

Transmitter  Power output

Transmission line

 Transmission line loss  Gain  Path loss

Antenna

Antenna Transmission line

 Margin  Gain  Transmission line loss  Sensitivity

Receiver

Link Budget Model

MS

Feeder loss

Antenna gain

Path loss

Margin

Antenna gain

Feeder loss

BS

Downlink

Uplink

Link budget Determines allowed maximum path loss. Determines the maximum cell radius. Downlink/uplink Keeps balanced.

Building

Margin: Fading + Penetration Loss +...

Transmitter

Transmitter EIRP (dBm) = Transmitter power (dBm) + Transmitter antenna gain (dBi) Cable or body loss (dB)

Penetration Loss
Building penetration Car penetration Main mechanism: Diffraction, refraction Calculation method: Statistics

Typical building penetration loss values

? ?

Dense urban area Urban Suburb Rural Champaign

25 dB 20 dB 15 dB 6 dB 0 dB

Fading Margin
Cumulated normal probability distribution

Assume that MS can reliably receive -105dBm level in at least 75% of cell edge area (90% of cell area) and the standard deviation is 8dB. As shown in the right figure, the probability corresponding to 0.675 is 0.75%. 0.675 x 8 = 5.4 dB -105 + 5.4 = -99.6 dBm The median level strength should be set to -99.6 dBm. Probability density 0.675W!d&

100% 90% 80% 75% 70% Area 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

0.675W
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Normal distribution 75%

Rx
- 105 dBm

90%

W!dB

-99.6dBm

Link Budget Description (I)

Body Loss
At present the body loss for link budget is 3dB. It is omitted for data service.

Link Budget Description (VIII)

Building Penetration Loss

Here gives experience values:
Dense Urban: 25dB Urban: 20dB Suburb: 15dB Rural: 6dB

The actual penetration loss depends on the actual situation.

Interference Margin
Interference margin

!
1 

1 Loading

Link Budget Description (IX)

Antenna Height
The antenna should stand low in dense urban with centralized capacity distribution to reduce pilot pollution and interference on other areas. The antenna should stand high in champaign with decentralized capacity distribution to provide large coverage. Antenna height: Dense urban: 30 m Urban: 40 m Suburb and rural: 50 m

Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics Link Budget Principle and Meaning How to Calculate BS Coverage Range Coverage Influence Factors Capacity Calculation Method

Dense Urban Link Budget

WiMAX Link Budget Item Application Scenario Coverage Level Frequency Max. Data Rate at Coverage Edge FFT Size Permutation TDD Channel Bandwidth Frequency Reuse Modulation Mode at Coverage Edge Coding Mode at Coverage Edge System Configuration Num. of Transmitting Symbol Repetition Time Num. of Subchannel to Meet Data Rate HARQ Time Unit MHz kbp s MHz DL Traffic Value Mobility indoor 2500 984 1024 PUSC Total 10 2*6*3 QPSK CTC 1/2 2*4MIMO 28 1.00 4.00 UL Traffic Value Mobility indoor 2500 64.00 1024 PUSC Total 10 2*6*3 QPSK CTC 1/2 12 1.00 2.00 1.00 DL MAP Value Mobility indoor 2500 1024 PUSC Total 10 2*6*3 QPSK CTC 1/8 2*4MIMO 2 -

WiMAX Link Budget Item Transmiter Side Num. of Tx Antenna Tx Power per Antenna Multiple Antenna Combining Gain Tx Antenna Gain RF Filter + Cable Loss Tx EIRP Receiver Side Num. of Rx Antenna Rx Noise Figure Rx Filter Loss + Cable Loss Required SINR at Antenna Port Rx Antenna Gain Rx Sensitivity System Gain Subchannel Gain Repetition Gain HARQ Gain 4*4BF Gain for DL Traffic System Margin Shadow Margin for 90% Area Rate Interference Margin Penetration Margin Link Budget Coverage Distance Cal. BS Antenna Height SS Antenna Height Propagation Model Radius of RF Coverage km m m dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dBi dB m dB m dB dBi dB dB m Unit

DL Traffic Value

UL Traffic Value

DL MAP Value

2 40 3.0 17.50 3.00 57.51

1 23 0.0 0.00 0.00 23.00

1 40 0.0 17.50 3.00 53.88

2 7 0.00 0.74 0.00 -96.62

4 4 3.00 1.70 17.50 -113.16

2 7 0.00 -3.31 0.00 -101.29

Dense Urban Link Budget Table

0.00 6.02 -

12.43 0.00 0.00 -

7.39 2.00 18 132.77

7.39 3.00 18 120.20

7.39 2.00 18 127.78

30 1.50 ZTE General for 2.5GHz 0.57

30 1.50 ZTE General for 2.5GHz 0.27

30 1.50 ZTE General for 2.5GHz 0.43

Link Budget Description

In WiMAX networks, the coverage of every BS varies with antenna height, antenna type (gain, horizontal beamwidth and vertical beamwidth), downtilt and transmit power. To accurately estimate coverage of a BS, the propagation forecasting model should fully consider these parameters.

Link Budget Description

The link budget uses the propagation model ZTE General for 2.5GHz and is applicable for 2.5GHz signal propagation.

Coverage Planning


Investigate and classify large coverage into, for example, urban, suburb, or rural, and understand terrain and building distribution of the area.

Make link budget.

f Know the edge coverage rate of the area and choose a proper log normal

fading variance according to the terrain and a proper building penetration loss according to the building distribution. Make link budget by using a proper propagation model to obtain the maximum coverage radius.


Estimate the number of carrier sectors that can meet the coverage requirement.
f Estimate the number of required BSs according to sector coverage and

area dimension.


(The planning considers coverage area only regardless of capacity.)

Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics Link Budget Principle and Meaning How to Calculate BS Coverage Range Coverage Influence Factors Capacity Calculation Method

Coverage Influence Factor I

   

Improper BS position Improper antenna height Improper BS model Improper azimuth planning

Coverage Influence Factor II

Engineering Installation Problems

f Too long feeder leads to great feeder loss. f Unqualified feeder connector leads to great insertion loss. f Watered antenna or feeder leads to great loss. f The antenna installation does not meet the height, azimuth

or downtilt requirement.
f Standing wave ratio alarm.

Coverage Influence Factor III

Inaccurate engineering parameters

Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics Link Budget Principle and Meaning How to Calculate BS Coverage Range Coverage Influence Factors Capacity Calculation Method

Capacity (Throughput) Calculation



Concept of Slot
f For any uplink or downlink subframe, the corresponding slot contains 48

f f f

f
 

data tones. This indicates every slot can carry 48 modulation and coding symbols. Take 10MHz systems as an example: The frame length is 5 ms. Assume that the downlink subframe is allocated with 31 symbols and the uplink subframe with 15 symbols. In the downlink subframe, the overhead is assigned with 3 symbols among which one is for the preamble and the other two for FCH and DLMAP respectively. In the uplink subframe, the overhead is assigned with 3 symbols for ranging.

The number of slots in the downlink subframe: 30*(31-3)/2=420. The number of slots in the uplink subframe: 35*(15-3)/3=140
f The downlink subframe should bear UL MAP. Assume that UL MAP

occupies 30 slots (30 subchannels, 2 symbols). f The DCD/UCD transmission period is 400*5ms=2s. The number of slots occupied by the DCD/UCD overhead per frame is 90/400 and can be omitted.

Downlink Subframe PHY Traffic Calculation

QPSK 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200=3.744Mbps QPSK 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3/2=5.616Mbps 16QAM 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*2=7.488Mbps 16QAM 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3=11.232Mbps 64QAM 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3=11.232Mbps 64QAM 2/3: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*4=14.976Mbps 64QAM 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*4.5=16.848Mbps 64QAM 5/6: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*5=18.72Mbps

In 22MIMO (SM) mode, these traffics are doubled.

Uplink Subframe PHY Traffic Calculation

QPSK 1/2: UL Throughput=140*48*200= 1.344Mbps QPSK 3/4: : UL Throughput=140*48*200*3/2= 2.016Mbps 16QAM 1/2: UL Throughput=140*48*200*2= 2.688Mbps 16QAM 3/4: UL Throughput=140*48*200*3= 4.032Mbps

In 22MIMO (SM) mode, these traffics are doubled.

Summary

Summary


Which factors are related with radio propagation air loss?

 

Which factors affect BS coverage? How to calculate throughput?