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Chapter 2 Inheritance and exception handling

IAS1223 DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS

Chapter Objectives
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Learn about inheritance Learn about sub- and superclasses Explore how to override the methods of a superclass Examine how constructors of super- and subclasses work Examine abstract classes Learn about composition

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Chapter Objectives
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Learn about exceptions Become aware of exception classes and their hierarchy Learn about checked and unchecked exceptions Learn how to handle exceptions within a program Examine try/catch blocks Discover how to throw and rethrow an exception

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Inheritance
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is-a relationship Single inheritance

subclass derived from one existing class (superclass)

Multiple inheritance
Subclass derived from more than one superclass Not supported by Java In Java, a class can only extend definition of one class

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Inheritance

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Inheritance
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Private members of superclass

private

to superclass; cannot be accessed directly by subclass

Subclass can override method of superclass; redefinition applies only to object of subclass

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Inheritance
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To write method definition of subclass to specify call to public method of superclass

If subclass overrides public method of superclass, to specify call to public method of superclass: super.MethodName(parameter list) If subclass does not override public method of superclass, to specify call to public method of superclass: MethodName(parameter list)

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Defining Constructor of Subclass

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Call to constructor of superclass

must

be first statement specified by: super parameter list

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The class Object

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Directly or indirectly superclass of every class in Java Public members of class Object can be overridden/invoked by object of any class type

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The class Object

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Objects of Superclasses and Subclasses

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Cannot automatically make reference variable of subclass type point to object of superclass Dynamic binding: method executed determined at execution time, not compile time Operator instanceof : determines whether reference variable that points to object is of particular class type ClassCastException thrown if class cast is not allowed

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The Operator instanceof

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Reference of superclass type can point to objects of its subclass Can determine if a reference variable points to an object using operator instanceof

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Abstract Methods and Classes

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Abstract method: method that has only the heading with no body
must

be declared abstract

Abstract class: class that is declared with the reserved word abstract in its heading

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Abstract Class
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Can contain instance variables, constructors, finalizer, abstract and nonabstract methods Cannot instantiate object of abstract class type; can only declare reference variable Can instantiate object of subclass of abstract class, but only if subclass gives definitions of all abstract methods of superclass

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Composition
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Another way to relate two classes One or more members of a class are objects of another class type has-a relation between classes

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Exception
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Definition: an occurrence of an undesirable situation that can be detected during program execution Examples
division

by zero trying to open an input file that does not exist is an exception an array index that goes out of bounds

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Java Exception Hierarchy

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The class Throwable

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The class Exception and its Subclasses from java.lang

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The class Exception and its Subclasses from java.util

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The class Exception and its Subclasses from java.io

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Javas Exception Class

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Class Exception
Subclass of class Throwable superclass of classes designed to handle exceptions

Various types of exceptions

I/O exceptions Number format exceptions File not found exceptions Array index out of bounds exception

Various exceptions categorized into separate classes and contained in various packages
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The class Exception and its Constructors

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Java Exception Classes

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Exceptions Thrown by Methods

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Exceptions Thrown by Methods

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Checked Exceptions
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Checked Exception: any exception that can be analyzed by the compiler Example
IOExceptions

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Unchecked Exceptions
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Unchecked Exception: exception that cannot be analyzed when the program compiles (must be checked for by programmer) Examples
Division by zero Array index out of hounds

Syntax

throws ExceptionType1, ExceptionType2,

*ExceptionType1, ExceptionType2, etc are names of exception classes

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Handling Exceptions within a Program

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try/catch/finally block used to handle exceptions within a program try block:

Includes statements that may generate an exception Includes statements that should not be executed if an exception occurs followed by zero or more catch blocks May or may not be followed by finally block

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Handling Exceptions within a Program

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Catch block:
heading specifies type of exception it can catch contains exception handler; completely handles exception can catch all exceptions of a specific type or all types of exceptions may or may not be followed by a finally block

Finally block
Code contained in this block always executes try block with no catch block has finally block

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Order of Catch Blocks

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If exception in try block caught by first catch block, reaming catch blocks ignored Must be careful about order catch blocks are listed

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Rethrowing and Throwing an Exception

Useful when
Catch

block catches exception but is unable to handle it Catch block decides exception should be handled by calling environment

Allows programmer to provide exception handling code in one place

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Exception Handling Techniques

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Terminate program

Output appropriate error message upon termination Repeatedly get user input/output appropriate error message until valid value is entered Write error messages to file and continue with program execution

Fix error and continue

Log error and continue

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Creating Your Own Exception Classes

Exception class you define extends class Exception or one of its subclasses Syntax to throw your own exception object

throw new ExceptionClassName(messageString);

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Programming Example: Grade Report

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Main algorithm
Declare

variables Open input file Open output file Get number students registered and tuition rate Load students data Print grade reports

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Programming Example: Grade Report

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Components: student, course Operations on course

Set

course information Print course information Show credit hours Show course number Show grade

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Programming Example: Grade Report

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Operations on student
Set

student information Print student information Calculate number of credit hours taken Calculate GPA Calculate billing amount Sort the courses according to the course number

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Chapter Summary
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Inheritance
Single and multiple Rules and Uses Superclasses/subclasses (objects) Overriding/overloading methods

The class Object

Constructors Rules

Abstract methods and classes

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Chapter Summary
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Composition Exception Checked and Unchecked Exceptions Creating your own exception classes Exception handling techniques Handling exceptions within a program

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