Animal drugs

Many pharmaceutically and medicinally valuable drugs are obtained from the animal kingdom .

can be classified into

1-Entire small animal organisms: i- Insects: Cochineal and contharidis . ii-Worms: Leech. 2-Secretions of certain insects or mammalians: Honey, shellac, musk. 3-Animal oils: Cod liver oil, Halibut oil: Animal fats, lard, lanolin, waxes: spermaceti, beeswax; ambergris, hairs: wool and silk, used in surgical dressings.

 4-Secretions of certain animal organs : Liver bile and stomach extracts. 5-Animal proteins: gelatin and its products. 6-Secretion of endocrine glands as hormones and insulin. 7-Animal debrises: prepared chalk. 8-Genetically engineered animal products: insulin, interferon, and other pharmaceutical proteins.

Honey
Honey is a saccharine substance deposited by the hive bee Apis mellifera, family Apidea, in the cell of the honey comb

Collection and preparation

The worker bee take nectar from the flowers and pass it through the esophagus into the honey- sac. Sucrose present in the nectar on mixing with the saliva which contains invertase is hydrolyzed into invert sugar. On arrival at the hive the bee deposited the honey-sac contents in a previously prepared cell.

Characters
Honey is a clear, syrupy liquid of a pale yellow or reddish brown color. The odor and taste depend very largely on the flower used.

Constituents
It consists mainly of invert sugar and water. It contains small quantities of sucrose, dextrin, volatile oil, and pollen grains.

Uses
Demulcent, sweetening agent and as a nutritive.

Absorbable gelatin sponge

Is a sterile, absorbable, water-insoluble, gelatinbase sponge. It consists of a light, nearly white, porous, pliable, no antigenic matrix prepared from purified, specially treated gelatin, and it is sterilized by heat. Even under relatively rough handling, this product will show little tendency to disintegrate. It absorbs about 50 times its weight of water and about 45 times of its weight of blood.

 Control of capillary oozing and of bleeding from veins is effected through the use of Absorbable Gelatin Sponge applied in the dry form or saturated with sterile, isotonic sodium chloride solution or sterile thrombin solution. The sponge is applied to the bleeding area and held for 10 to 15 seconds following which it is left in place.

USES
Absorbable Gelatin Sponge is a local haemostatic. It is applied topically in operative wounds. Commercial product: Gel foam. This is supplied as individual sponges, dental packs, prostatectomy cones, and powder intended for a variety of uses.

Sodium heparin or Heparin

Is a mixture of active principles having the property of prolonging the clotting time of blood It is usually obtained from the livers, lungs , intestinal mucosa. or other suitable tissues of domestic mammals used for food by man.

Usual dose
Intravenous, 5000 to 10.000 U.S.P units every four to six hours. infusion, 5000 to 40.000 units per liter at a rate of 1 ml. Per minute. Injected subcutaneously, 10.000 to 20.000 units two times daily.

Characters of Heparin
a) Heparin is soluble in alkalis and precipitated by acids. b) It can be precipitated by 2 volumes of acetone and Benzidine or brucine complex C) It forms soluble Cadmium salts and insoluble Barium salts.

Preparation
1.Extract heparin from finely divided tissue (lung or liver) with twice its weight of solution containing 2% sodium hydroxide and 0.5% ammonim sulphate. 2.Precipitate heparin with dil. H2SO4 at pH 2.5. 3. Wash with ether to remove fat. 4. Digest protein with trypsin and any remaining protein is precipitated by cadmium chloride, then remove excess cadmium by ammonium carbonate.

Preparation
5. Purify heparin by precipitating successively as
follows: A )2 volumes of acetone. b) Benzidine or brucine complex. stallize as Ba salt with Ba acetate.

6. The Ba heparin salt is warmed with Na2Co3

T.S giving Sod. Heparin and a precipitate of BaCO3.

7. Precipitate sod. Heparin with 2 vol. of alcohol. 8. Wash with alcohol then with ether then dry and
powder. (1 mg heparin Na contains n.1.t. 100 I.U.)

Composition:
Heparin, complex organic acid, which is a mucopolysaccharide composed of sulphated D-glucosamine.

Insulin
The bulk of the pancreas is an exocrine gland, supplying the digestive enzymes to the duodenum. Isolated groups of cells, the islets of lagerphones about 3% of the gland constitute the endocrine portion of the pancreas which is composed of 2 types of cells b-cells secrete insulin and a-cells secrete glucagon.

 Insulin is a protein of M.W. about 6000 and is made up of 2 chains of amino acids joined together by disulphide linkages. It is synthesized in a non- disease producing, special laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria which has been genetically altered by addition of the human gene for insulin production (Genetic coding ) .

Preparation of insulin by extraction from animal pancreas

About 10.000 kg of animal pancreas are needed to yield 1 kg of pure Zn-Insulin.

Uses
In diabetes mellitus ; sometimes as anabolic

Action
Insulin affects body metabolism either directly or indirectly it lower blood sugar by increasing both utilization and storage. Increases utilization provides energy for fat and protein synthesis. Insulin might have direct action on the incorporation of amino acids into proteins.

Preparation of insulin
Finely divided pancreas, which must be either fresh or frozen from the time of removal from the animal, is extracted with acidic alcohol 60% at pH3-3.5 to obtain insulin and to suppress enzymatic activity. The extract, separated from the marc, is evaporated to low bulk under reduced pressure.

 when fat separates, after removal of the separated fat, the crude insulin is salted out as the hydrochloride or precipitated as the picrate and subsequently converted to the hydrochloride. The hydrochloride is dissolved in water and the active material precipitated by adjusting the pH to 5.2 and allowing to stand

 The product is then purified by crystallization from suitably buffered aqueous solution containing a proportion of zinc chloride, and by repeated crystallization until regular cubic crystals are obtained having a biological activity of not less than 22 nits per mg., calculated with reference to the anhydrous material