Surface Area, Volume and Density of Solids

Catherine P. Leonida E3 Teacher Summer Program Texas A&M University 2005 Faculty: Dr. Helen (Hong) Liang Dr. Sudeep Ingole

Objectives
To make polymers using non-toxic household nonmaterials. To form solid figures (geometric shapes) out of these polymers. To calculate the surface area, volume and density of solids. To research on the characteristics and geometric structures of some polymers. To research on the practical applications of polymers.

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

111.34. Geometry (a4) Students show the relationship (a4 between geometry, other mathematics, and other disciplines. disciplines. (a5) (a5 Students use a variety of representations to solve meaningful problems. problems. (e1) Students extend measurement concepts to find area, perimeter, and volume in problem situations. (e4) Students describe the effect on perimeter, area, and volume when length, width, or height of a three-dimensional solid is threechanged.
http://www.utdanacenter.org/

Proposed Schedule of Activities

Discussion on different solids Making polymers and shaping them into different solids Calculations of surface area, volume and density of different solids Discussion on polymers, its characteristics and properties, including its geometric structures Practical Applications of Polymers Presentation on how the activity relates to other fields of specialization

Lesson 1: Discussion on Different Solids

Rectangular Prism Cube

Sphere Pyramid
Graphics Courtesy of http://www.mathleague.com/help/geometry/3space.htm#surfacearea

Cone

Other solids

Pentagonal Prism Tetragonal

Triangular Prism
http://www.mathleague.com/help/geometry/3space.htm#surfacearea

Cylinder

Lesson 2: Making Plastics (also known as Polymers)

A. Divide the class into groups depending on how many solids you would like them to study (e.g., cube, rectangular prism, triangular prism, pentagonal prism, hexagonal prism, cylinder, sphere, pyramid). Assign each group a solid figure to form.

B. Prepare the materials ahead of time.

You will need: Elmers glue Tide Powdered laundry detergent (or Borax, if available) Powdered Starch Paper towels Plastic spoons Water Small plastic cups Straws or spoons for stirring Different Food coloring (optional) to vary the color of each solid Vernier Caliper (when necessary) Platform balance

Mess Factor
Materials are not toxic but not edible either. Glue and Borax can be washed off with water. Be careful with the use of food coloring.
Graphics courtesy of http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/property.htm

C. Procedure on making the polymer* 1. Mix 1 teaspoon of Elmer's glue, 1 teaspoon of starch and 1 teaspoon of water in a small cup and stir.

2. In a separate cup, mix 1 teaspoon of Tide powdered laundry detergent (or Borax) with 2 teaspoons of water and stir.

3. Combine the 2 mixtures together in one cup while stirring constantly until a white glob forms.

4. Take the glob out of the cup and pat dry in between paper towels. Pick up the glob and see what it feels like.
*This procedure was adapted from the website: http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/property.htm
Graphics courtesy of the same website

Formulas for Finding the Surface Area and Volume of Solids

Surface Area of Solids Cube S = 6s Cylinder (lateral) S = 2Trh 2T Cylinder (total) S = 2Trh + 2Tr2 2T 2T Cone (lateral) S = Trl Cone (total) S = Trl + Tr2 Sphere S = 4Tr2 4T

Volume of Solids Prism or Cylinder V = Bh Pyramid or Cone V = 1/3 Bh 3 Sphere V = 4/3 Tr Where T } 3.14 or 22/7 B = area of the base

Classroom Activity: Data Collection

Place the solids on different tables or desks and have each group visit each table/desk and measure the dimensions of the figures. Instruct the students on which system of measurement to use, Metric or English.

Calculations
Make a sketch of each solid and label its parts. Show the formula used in finding the surface area and volume and the accompanying work with the appropriate units. Use the rules on significant figures.

Lesson 3: Physical Characteristics of Some Polymers

Chemistry: Active Substances in Polymers

Have the class research on: i. polymers ii. substances (active ingredients) present in the polymer they made. iii. characteristics and examples of the geometric structures of some polymers.

Teachers notes:

What are polymers???

Polymers are composed of chains of covalent-bonded atoms like the covalentones shown below. The chains are held together by secondary bonds.

Polymers are naturally occurring or synthetically made materials composed of molecules of simple monomers linked together. Their wide range of properties make them very useful to people. They are normally present in materials used in food production because they have very little additives. Two major groups of polymer are plastics and elastomers. Plastics are widely used due to their ability to be molded. Elastomers (or rubbers) are popular because of their ability to be bent upon the exertion of a force and return to their original shape upon the release of the same force.
http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/WofMatE/polymers.htm http://www.cem.msu.edu/~bakerg/science_olympiad/Polymer_Detective_Presentati on.pdf#search='polymers%20for%20high%20school

Substances (active ingredients) Present in Polymer

Teachers notes:

When Elmer's glue is combined with water, a substance that is known as a polymer (polyvinyl acetate) is formed. The borax solution (sodium tetraborate) is a 'cross-linking' substance that 'crossbinds the polymer chains together making the glue solution thicker. Adding more Borax or Tide detergent is like adding more chains to the polymer making it harder to move the polymer around. Knowing just how much Borax solution to add is the trick to this experiment. You know if you put too much Borax solution if the polymer is very wet and slippery (because of the soap solution- the solutioncross linking part!). Similarly, if you put too little, you end up with one that is too sticky (you have more Elmers glue solution the polymer part).

http://sciencespot.net/Pages/classchem.html#Anchor-poly http://sciencespot.net/Pages/classchem.html#Anchor-

Models of some polymers.

Chemical Structures of Some Polymers

Atoms of polymers wanting to be manipulated to enhance their properties and capabilities

Geometric shapes are also apparent in Nature. Below are snowflakes showing different shapes.

Geometric shapes in nanotechnolgy

Buckminster Fullerene or Bucky Ball 60 atoms forming pentagons and hexagons

Two Bucky balls joined together

Websites on Polymers
http://www.qemi.com/html/polymers.htm http://www.ims.uconn.edu/~avd/PhysicsGroup/polymers.html http://www.trianglechemical.com/polymers.html www.clas.uconn.edu http://www.bakerhughes.com http://www.polymer.cz/eng http://www.greenspirit.org.uk/resources/LifeChemistry.htm http://www.dcci.unipi.it/~bea/eupoc03http://spider.chemphys.lu.se/~wichard/ http://www.dcci.unipi.it/~bea/eupoc03http://spider.chemphys.lu.se/~wichard/ polymers1.htm

Pictures of previous polymer models were taken from the above websites

Some Physical Properties of Polymers

IPC: Physical properties of Matter Property that tensile enables them to strength be pulled -Property that compressional enables them to strength be compressed -Property that flexural enables them to strength bend -Property that torsional enables them to strength be twisted -Property that allows impact them to tolerate strength sharp blows/impacts--

Graphics courtesy of http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/property.htm

Practical Applications of Polymers

Computer printer Plastic tubes Eye glasses Roller Skates

www.bakerhughes.com/
www.degussa-hpp.com www.st-and.ac.uk http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/WofMatE /polymers.htm

Plastic Retainers

Vending machine

Cellphone covers

Two-way radios

www.wehmer.com www.bakerhughes.com pubs.acs.org http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/WofMat E/polymers.htm

Why study the different properties of materials including their geometric structures?
If a material is manipulated on its atomic or molecular level, everything from the strength and electrical conductivity to optical, magnetic and thermal properties has the potential to be modified. Application in the field of bio-nanotechnology: There is a biogrowing interest in the understanding of the response of biological systems to foreign materials. More and more researches are undertaken in this field. The biocompatibility of materials is determined by the materials ability to successfully fulfill the function it was designed for when placed in a biological system. Strength, thickness, roughness, composition, heterogeneity, electronic properties, structure and wettability, all of which play a role in cell interaction.
Seema H. Bajaria and Anuj Bellare. Deformation, Morphology, and Wear Behavior of Polyethylene Used in Orthopedic Implants

How does our activity connect to other areas of specialization?

Polymers and ceramics are used as coatings in implants and artificial joints

Graphics courtesy of TEES

E3-Research Projects
Novel sensors. New nanomanufacturing processes for nanocrystals.

Extension of artifacial joints lifespan.

Surface and interface in synergetic systems.

Interconnect

Si substrate Self-repairing railroad tracks. Processes to make small chips.

E3-Research Projects

Sonomaterials new process to make nanomaterials

Approach: ultrasound, microscopes (opt., e-, etc.)

Biomaterials investigate failure mechanisms of chicken joints

Approach: test friction and wear in biofluids, tribometer

Samples of boron particles subjected to ultrasonic energy viewed under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Notice the different structures whose shapes are similar to the ones studied in a geometry class !!!

Lesson 4: Density of Materials

IPC or Algebra: Direct or Inverse Variation Ask each group to weigh the solid assigned to them and have them write the result on the board to make available to the entire class the mass of the different solids. Once they all have the mass and volume, ask each group to calculate the density of all solids, with appropriate units. FYI: Recent discovery shows that M&Ms are highest packed in a jar because of their shape.

Lesson 5: Varying Dimensions

Algebra: Creating Mathematical Models or Functions

Have the class stick to one solid, say rectangular prism. Ask them to create rectangular prisms with different sizes using the procedures described above. Instruct the class to calculate the surface area and volume of the solids created and compute for their ratios. Investigate how the ratio changes as the dimensions of the structure shrinks. See if there is a mathematical equation that would model the situation (linear, exponential, power function, etc.) Research on the implications of the activity in the nanoworld.

Lesson 6: Creating a 3-D Model of Bucky ball

Geometry: Creating a 3-D model using geometrical shapes

Materials: - pipe cleaners - 60 styrofoam balls Procedure: Have students form pentagons and hexagons using pipe cleaners and 60 styrofoam balls. balls. They will realize that they cannot completely tile a surface with pure hexagons they would need pentagons to create the Bucky ball. ball.

Acknowledgments
E3 Organizing Committee (led by Jan Rinehart) Dr. Helen Liang & her Graduate Students Dr. Sudeep Ingole Dr. Saibal Mitra Staff of MiC Laboratory Orlando Patricio