Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Introduction
Computer network
computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device.
Network Hardware
Local Area Networks Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks Wireless Networks Home Networks Internetworks
Broadcast Networks
Types of transmission technology Broadcast links Point-to-point links
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Star Topology
Tree topology
Mesh Topology
Hybrid Topology
Wireless Networks
Categories of wireless networks: System interconnection Wireless LANs Wireless WANs
Internetworks
A collection of interconnected networks is called an internetwork and internet.
Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies Design Issues for the Layers Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services Service Primitives The Relationship of Services to Protocols
Protocol Hierarchies
Most networks are designed as a stack of layers to reduce the design complexity. The purpose of each layer is to offer certain services to the higher layers, shielding those layers from the details of how the offered services are actually implemented. The fundamental idea is that a particular piece of software provides a service to its users but keeps the details of its internal state and algorithms hidden.
Layer n on one machine carries on a conversation with layer n on another machine. The rules and conventions used in this conversation are collectively known as the layer n protocol. Basically a protocol is an agreement between the communicating parties on how communications is to proceed.
Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies
In reality, no data is directly transferred from layer n on one machine to layer n on another machine. Instead each layer passes data and control information to the layer immediately below it, until the lowest layer is reached. Below layer 1 is the physical medium through which actual transmission occurs. The Interfaces defines which primitive operations and services the lower layer makes available to the upper one. Each layer must perform a specific collection of wellunderstood functions.
Defining a clear cut interface makes it easy to replace an old implementation by a new one provided that it gives the same services as the older one. A set of layers and protocols is called a network architecture. Niether the details of the implementation nor the specification of the interfaces is a part of the architecture because they are kept hidden. A protocol stack is a list of protocols used my a system.
Flow Control: When the speed differs on the senders side and the receivers side, a mechanism is needed to assure the sending party that all the packets are being received. This can involve some kind of feedback from the receiver. Or they can decide the transmission speed before hand. Message size: If the process insists on breaking an arbitrarily long message into very small packets which will be very inefficient to send individually, then a number of small packets that belong to different messages can be assembled that are going in the same direction/ destination, and furthur can be diassembled at the destination.
Multiplexing: When it is very expensive to set up a separate connection for different or unrelated conversations, then the same connection can be used Routing: Choosing the best path when a number of paths are available.
Connection-oriented services
It is like a telephone system where to talk to someone, you have to pick up a phone, dial the number, talk and then hang up. Similarly a user who wishes to communicate has to first set up a connection, use it and then terminate it. Acts like a tube where the data is inserted at one end by the sender and extracted at the other end by the receiver. In some cases after the connection is setup, both the parties can decide on the parameters like message size, quality of srevice etc.
Connectionless service
It is like a postal system where a post card contains the address of the receiver and is sent. Each message is sent through the system independent of all the others.
Each service is characterized by quality of service Could be reliable/Non reliable. For a reliable service, acknowledgements can be used which introduces overhead and delays which are often worth it but sometimes undesirable, A reliable connection-oriented service is appropriate in a file transfer situation. Reliable connection oriented service has two variations- Message sequences and byte streams.
Where as the delays introduced by acknowledgements are not acceptable is case of digitized voice traffic. Not all applications require setting up connections. For. Eg: e-mail.
Various other services are: Datagram service: e.g. telegram service Acknowledged datagram service.: sending a registered letter Request-reply.: query to the local library
Service Primitives
Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model The TCP/IP Reference Model A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Reference Models
Bad Timing
Hybrid Model
Example Networks
The Internet
Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM Ethernet Wireless LANs: 802:11
The ARPANET
(a) Structure of the telephone system. (b) Barans proposed distributed switching system.
Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970. (c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.
NSFNET
Internet Usage
Traditional applications (1970 1990) E-mail News Remote login File transfer
A virtual circuit.
An ATM cell.
Ethernet
Wireless LANs
The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.
Network Standardization
Whos Who in the Telecommunications World Whos Who in the International Standards World Whos Who in the Internet Standards World
ITU
Main sectors
Radiocommunications Telecommunications Standardization Development
Classes of Members
National governments Sector members Associate members Regulatory agencies
The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with gave up.
Metric Units