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Aspartame (Nutrasweet)
Check Answer
C
N
O
[He]2s22p3
[He]2s22p4
[He]2s22p5
F Cl
3
Cl
[Ne]2s22p5
Na + Cl
Na
+ Cl
H + Cl
H Cl
electronegativity, ': relative attraction for electrons in a bond - increases going up and to the right in the periodic table - Pauling electronegativity scale (arbitrary): Table 1.2
(' = 2.1 transfer of electrons = ionic bond when (' < 1.9 covalent > 1.9 ionic
Question 1-2. Use a periodic table or use the Pauling electronegativity values to classify each of the following compounds as non-polar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. Click on the arrow to check your answers. F2
H2
HF
NaF
Check Answer
F2
Non-polar covalent
H2
H H
H H
Non-polar covalent
HF
H F
Polar covalent
NaF
Na+ F-
Ionic
HCN
9
CCl4
H H C H O H
CH2O
C2H2
H H H H C C C H H
H C N
HCN
10
CH3OH
CH3CHCH2
11
H H O H O: 6 - 5 = +1
H H C O H C: 4 - 4 = 0 O: 6 - 7 = -1
1 2 3
H H C H C: 4 - 3 = +1
1 2 3
C O C: 4 - 5 = -1 O: 6 - 5 = +1
or
Question 1-5. Draw the most stable Lewis structure for each of the following compounds. Check your answers by clicking on the arrow. COCl2 BF3 (CH3)2SO HOCN
Check Answer
13
F F B F
F +1
not
B -1
H O H H C H S C H H
H O C N
14
condensed formula
bond-line formula
OH
OH
OH Br
Check Answer
16
OH
OH
(CH3)2CHCH2C(CH3)2CH(OH)CH(Br)CH3
OH Br
H2C H2C
CH CH2
CH2 CH2
17
CH3CH2CH2CH3
C3H6O
Check Answer
19
C3H6O
O O H O O O
20
delocalized electrons
HCO2
O H C O H C
O = H C O
O O -
neither of these accurately describes the formate ion actual species is an average of the two
Check Answer
22
SCN-
CH2N2
H C N N
-1 +1 0
H O H C H C O
H O H C H C O
equal in stability
23
e pair geometry
24
e pair geometry
H linear
H
molecular geometry (angle) linear (180) trigonal planar (120) tetrahedral (109.5)
H C N
N H H H
O H H
CCl4
CHCl3
CH2O
CO2
Check Answer
26
CHCl3
Cl
H C Cl Cl
Two electrons in W1s are lower energy than in the separate atoms covalent bond
28
2p 2s
hybrid a.o.s:
promote electron
hybridize
2p 2s H
4H sp3 hybrid a.o.s
sp3
C(sp3) tetrahedral
C H H H
W(sp3C + 1sH)
29
C H H C C H H H W(sp3C + sp3C) H
H C O H H W(sp3C + sp3O)
30
1s
1s 2p sp
2
H C
sp
H
2p
1s
C
2p
T bond
H H
C C
H H
overlap p orbitals
H H
C C
H H
=
H C H C
31
C H H C C H H W(sp2C + sp2C) + T H H
C O
W(sp2C + sp2O) + T
32
C C H
linear = sp
1s
H
2p sp
1s
C
2p H
2p sp 2 T bonds
C C
H W(spC + 1sH)
C C
H = H
W(spC + spC)
33
W(spC + spN) + 2T
34
CH3 OH C CH
HO
17-ethynylestradiol (The Pill) Check Answer
35
CH3 OH C CH
sp
HO
sp3 sp2 17-ethynylestradiol (The Pill)
36