UMTS

(Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service)

Presented by :Bhuvnesh Saxena

Outline
Introduction to GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS WCDMA Summery

What is GSM??
(Global System for Mobile Communications)

GSM Architecture
Three broad parts
Mobile Station (MS): carried by the subscriber Base Station Subsystem: control radio link with MS Network Subsystem: its main part is MSC

Interfaces:
Um Interface : known as air interface or radio link. Abis Interface: between BTS and BSC A Interface: between BSC and MSC

Mobile Station
ME(mobile equipment)
the terminal

SIM (Subscriber identity Module) provides personal mobility.

Can insert the SIM card into another GSM terminal and use

Base Station Subsystem

BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
handle the radio link protocols with the Mobile Station many BTSs in a large urban area

BSC (Base Station Controller)

manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs handles such as: channel setup , frequence hopping and handovers. connection between MS and MSC

Network Subsystem
MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center)
acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN provides the connection to the fixed networks (such as the PSTN or ISDN).

HLR (Home Location Register )

contains information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile. logically one HLR per GSM network

Network Subsystem cont.

VLR (Visitor Location Register)
contains selected information from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services, each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR.

EIR (The Equipment Identity Register)

a database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network,

AuC (The Authentication Center)

is a protected database:secret key of SIM

GSM Features
Multiple access: use TDMA/FDMA to share the
limited radio spectrum
The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme.

GSM is a digital network

Based on Circuit-switch

GSM Features cont.

SMS: Short Message Service
is a bi-directional service for short (up to 160 bytes) messages. Messages are transported in a store-andforward fashion. an acknowledgement of receipt is provided to the sender. can also be used in a cell-broadcast mode, for sending messages such as traffic updates or news updates. Messages can also be stored in the SIM card for later retrieval

GPRS System
(General Packet Radio Service)

GPRS Architecture
Introduce two new nodes into GSM network
SGSN (the Serving GPRS Support Node):
Keep track of the location of the mobile within its service area and send/receive packets from the mobile , passing them on, or receiving them from the GGSN

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node):

convert the GSM packets into other packet protocols (e.g.IP or X.25) and send them out into another network.

GPRS Features
Log on to GPRS
A GPRS-capable terminal communicates with GSM base Stations, but unlike circuit-switched data calls which connects to MSC, GPRS packets are sent sent from the base station to SGSN, SGSN communicates with GGSN. Establishes a Packet Data Protocol (PDP) which is logical connection between the mobile and GGSN now visible to the outside fixed networks

GPRS Features Cont.

SGSN and GGSN use GPRS tunnel protocol (GTP) which operates over the top of TCP/IP to encapsulate the packets Tunnels: information may be encrypted and additional data is added to each packet to prevent tampering

Packed based
No dial-up, just as with a LAN connection. No delay for sending data

GPRS Features Cont.

pay for the amount of data they actually communicate, and not the idle time users need to confirm their agreement to pay for the delivery of content from the service. This is performed by using WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) unsolicited packets may not be charged voice and Data Communication at the same time can be viewed as a sub-network of the Internet

GPRS Features Cont.

Spectrum Efficiency
users can share the resource (Radio link),it is used only when users are actually sending or receiving data

Speed: Based on GMSK

a modulation technique known as Gaussian minimumshift keying. Theoretical Max speeds up to 171.2kbps.(GSM:9.6Kbps)

GPRS Features Cont.

a channel that is 200kHz wide, is divided into 8 separate data streams, each carrying maximum 20kbps(14.4kbps typical), GSM only use one channel, GPRS combine up to 8 of these channels.

complement rather than replace the current data services available through todays GSM
doesn't require new radio spectrum supports TDMA: also use for IS-136

GPRS Phrase
Phrase 1
expectedly to be available commercially in 2001, Point to point GPRS will be supported

Phrase 2
net yet fully defined, but is expected to higher data rates through possible incorporation of techniques such as EDGE, in addition to Point-to-Multipoint support.

EDGE
(Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)

EDGE Features
Introduce new methods at the physical layer
new form of modulation: 8PSK(phrase Shift Keying)
introduced as a complement to GMSK (Gaussian Filter Minimum
Shift Keying)

8PSK: use 8 phrases to carry signals

Different ways of encoding

nine MCS(Module Coding Schemes) have been defined, from 8.8kbps per timeslot(MCS-1 with GMSK modulation) up to 59.2kbps per timeslot(MCS-9 with 8PSK modulation)

High radio interface data rates (up to 384kbps)

EDGE Features cont.

Provides an evolutionary migration path from GPRS to UMTS
Only one EDGE transceiver unit need to be added to each cell. Software upgrades to BSC and Base Stations can be carried out remotely. Higher layer protocols (GGSN, SGSN) stay the same Can be introduced smoothly in GPRS(doesnt require any new elements)

EDGE Features cont.

EDGE is a technology both for
HSCSD(High Speed Circuit Switched Data) is simply a Circuit Switched Data call in which a single user can take over up to four separate channels at the same time. and for GPRS(General Packet Radio Service) to meet the demands of wireless multimedia applications. Also introduced into existing IS-136 networks

EDGE Features cont.

The Data networking for WCDMA will likely be based on EDGE/GPRS infrastructure protocols, Such as GTP(GPRS Tunneling Protocol) As a consequence EDGE is a way to provide 3G services on 2G networks

Scenario for Migration from 2G to 3G

What are 3G Technologies?

UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service)

EDGE can co-exist with UMTS

e.g. Edge provide high speed services for wide-area coverage while UMTS is deployed in urban hot spots.

Cdma 2000
based on the cdma One standard, two air modes:
one based on the parallel use of 3 contiguous cdmaOne carriers (multi-carrier approach), the other one on the use of the corresponding 3 carriers width spreading (direct spread approach)

What are 3G Technologies? Cont.

UWC-136
(USA cellular standard)

based on GPRS and EDGE technologies defined by ETSI for data on overlay of ANSI-136 "classical" networks for voice. Nevertheless, UWC-136 can benefit from the expected standardization of voice over IP (VoIP) on EDGE. D-AMPS operators mainly promote UWC-136.

To be Continued
Mr. HongYi Wu will give us More detail about these topics

What does UMTS provide?

Circuit- and Packet-Oriented Services Seamless Global Roaming Capacity and Capability to serve more than 50% population A Wide Range of Services
Voice, low-rate data and high-rate data 144kb/s, 384kb/s , 2Mb/s

UMTS coverage vs. bit rate

Vehicle Outdoors Walk Fixed

UMTS Broadband Radio

Indoors

GSM 0.5 2.0 155Mb/s

UMTS Hierarchical Cell Structure

Satellite Mega-Cell
Macro-Cell

Satellite Mega-Cell
Macro-Cell

Micro-Cell Pico-Cell

Micro-Cell Pico-Cell

Micro-Cell Pico-Cell

Micro-Cell Pico-Cell

UTRAN-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

Core Network lu lur
RNC lub
Node B Node B

lu lur
RNC
Node B Node B

lu
RNC
Node B Node B

Uu

MH

Frequency Allocation
1920-1980 MHz paired with 2110-2170 MHz Total 35 MHz unpaired band
C C
1920

A
1980

MSS

B
2110

A MSS
2170 2200

2010 2025

FDD vs. TDD

Both FDD and TDD are available in UMTS TDD has been designed for use in high density areas The highest bearer rate: TDD-2.048Mb/s FDD-384kb/s

WCDMA
Radio Parameters Performance Improvement Channels Channel Generation Power Control Handoff

WCDMA Radio Parameters

Group 200KHz bands into 4.2-5.0 MHz carriers Chip Rate is 4.096 Mchips/sec System Capacity of 128 channels per cell provided by 5 MHz bandwidth

WCDMA Performance Improvement

Capacity Improvement No Frequency Planning Multiple Services per Connection Frequency Handoff
HCS Hot Spot

HCS & Hot-Spot

HCS-Scenario Hot-Spot Scenario

Macro f1

Micro Macro f2 f1 f1

Hot-Spot f2 f1 f1

Handoff between layers is alwayse needed

Handoff at Hot-Spot is sometimes needed

WCDMA Channels
Forward WCDMA Channels
Pilot Channel Sync Channel Paging Channel Forward Traffic Channel
Forward Information Channel Forward Singal Channel

WCDMA Channels
Reverse WCDMA Channels
Access Channel Reverse Traffic Channel
Reverse Information Channel Reverse Signaling Channel

An Example of Channel Generation

Long Code Generator 4.096 Mcps 16 ksps Convolutional Encoder R=1/2, k=9 16 kbps Block Interleaver 16 ksps 16 ksps 16 ksps 64 ksps Symbol Repetition 64 ksps

Walsh 128

A Forward WCDMA Sync Channel

WCDMA Convolutional Encoder

Input data a,b,...

Output Symbols (a1,a2) (b1,b2) ...

A (2,1,8) Convolutional Encoder Implemented by LFSR

WCDMA Block Interleaving

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 1 17 9 25 5 21 13 29 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

WCDMA Orthoganal Modulation

Walsh Code Generation
H1 ! 0 H2 H1 ! H1 H 2 ! H 2 H1 0 ! 0 H1 0 0 H2 ! 0 H2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

H4

...... H 128 ! 128 v 128 Matrix

CDMA Orthoganal Modulation

Modulation
Take 6 bit from the input stream (C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5) Compute MSI (Modulation Symbol Index) MSI= C0+2 C1+4 C2 +8C3+16C4+32 C5 Each of the six symbol group is mapped to the row(MSI) of H128

WCDMA Direct Sequence Spreading

Long Code Generation by LFSR Long Code Seed
1 x x2 x32

XOR
Long Code 4.096 Mcps

WCDMA Direct Sequence Spreading

dw(t) 0 0 0 0 1 C(t) 0 1 Ds(t ) 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 t 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 t 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 t

Power Control In WCDMA

Bit Error Rate and Power

N: Spread Factor Kp : Carrier-to-Interference-Ratio for Pp subscriber P

K
p

P
k !0 k{ p

K 1

Power Control In WCDMA

Perfect Power Control

1 ! k 1 3N ) k 1

P ! Q( e

Power Control In WCDMA

Near-Far Problem in CDMA
Different Performance for Subcriber Links A Few Subscribers closest to the BTS may contribute too much multiple Access Interference.

Power Control In WCDMA

How to do power control
Force all users to transmit the minimum amount of power Reduce the power transmitted by users closest to the BTS; increase the power transmitted by users farest to the BTS

Power Control In WCDMA

Open Loop vs. Close Loop
Open Loop Power Control Subscriber measures the DL power and adjusts its transmission power Close Loop Power Control BS measures the UL power. MS measures the DL power and reports to the BS. BS instructs the user to raise or lower it transmission power

WCDMA Soft Handoff

BS1 BS2 Active set = BS1 BS2 Active set = BS1 & BS2 BS2 SS > add threshold BS1 BS2 Active set = BS2 BS1 SS < drop threshold BS1

Active Research Topics

Cellular system architecture UMTS air interface Power control in CDMA Handoff Satellite-UMTS traffic