RISE OF INDUSTRIALISM

Traditional or Pre-Industrial Society

Traditional or Pre-Industrial Society

FARMING IN THE MIDDLE AGES -Villages feed themselves (subsistence farming) -1 of 3 fields left fallow (empty) to regain fertility -Animals grazed in common pastures

DISADVANTAGES
-Inefficient land use -Farmers didnt experiment with new farming methods

FORCES FOR CHANGE

-Population was growing, more food needed -French Blockade of Britain meant no corn, more food needed

The Agricultural Revolution

The Agricultural Revolution

ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT
-Wealthy landlords fenced in common pastures and experimented with new farming methods -Villages lost common lands, political power; peasants became poorer

CROP ROTATION
-Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop, were replenished by planting different crops -Fields not left inefficiently fallow

The Agricultural Revolution cont

OTHER DISCOVERIES
-Seed drill planted seeds efficiently -New crops, corn and potatoes EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION -More food available -Population increased

The Agricultural Revolution cont

Jethro Tulls Seed Drill

Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism

Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism cont

Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism

MERCANTILISM AND RISING DEMAND -Nations should maintain/increase its wealth by exporting more goods than it was importing -Import raw materials and export finished goods MERCHANTS ROLE IN COTTAGE INDUSTRY -Merchant supplied raw materials (wool/cotton) to be carded and spun -Took supplies from spinning cottage to weaving cottage to dying cottage to sell finished cloth -Merchants sell product for more than material and labor costs (profit + larger investment = higher profit)

Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism cont

CAPITALISM
-Economic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profit -Cottage industry -an example of early capitalism

EFFECTS OF THE COTTAGE INDUSTRY

-Big profits for new class of merchants -Alternative source of income for peasants

The Textile Industry and Factory System

Textile and Factory System

TEXTILE INDUSTRY
-Cottage industry couldnt keep up with demand for textiles -Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule improved spinning -Power loom sped up weaving -Cotton gin separated seeds from cotton

Textile and Factory System cont

Spinning jenny Water frame

Cotton gin Spinning mule Power loom

Textile and Factory System cont

RISE OF THE FACTORY
-New machines, too big for homes, put in factories -Factories near power sources; coal, iron, water -Prices of mass-produced textiles much cheaper than hand made garments

EFFECTS OF TEXTILE FACTORIES IN BRITAIN -Britains textile industry increased enormously -Majority of villagers forced to leave homes to find work in urban factories

Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial Revolution

Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial Revolution

THE NEED FOR ENERGY

-Early factories relied on horses, oxen, and water mills -Steam engine evolved in response to the need for power

HOW THE STEAM ENGINE WORKS

-Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power

Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial Revolution

EFFECTS OF THE STEAM ENGINE

-Steam power, used where ever coal existed, increased textile production -Improved mining, increased metals, in turn fueled other industries

Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution

Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution cont

Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution cont

Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution

THE NEED FOR IRON

-Iron was needed for farming tools, factory machinery, railways -Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires carbon

THE NEED FOR COAL

-Carbon necessary for smelting iron -Steam engines powered by coal

EFFECTS OF IRON AND COAL

-Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined -Coal powered Britains enormous navy

Transportation

Transportation cont Stephensons Rocket

Transportation cont

Transportation
THE NEED FOR BETTER TRANSPORATION -Increased production increased need to transport goods quicker and cheaper -Pre-Industrial society used horses, mules, and dirt roads

INVENTIONS
-Stone led to asphalt roads -Canals -Railroad era ushered in with the Rocket in 1829

EFFECTS OF RAILROADS
-Railroads expanded rapidly throughout Britain -Cheaper transportation increased production and profits -Railways fueled other industries: coal, steam engines, iron, steel, and many manufactured products

Sailboat

Steamboat

Horse and Carriage

Steam Train

Gas Lamps Electric Lighting

Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

GEOGRAPHY
-Climate is good for textile production -Plenty of natural resources-iron and coal -Separation from European continent kept them out of wars

GOVERNMENT
-Internal trade encouraged -Population was allowed to move around -Helped build canals and roads

SOCIAL FACTORS
-British society less rigid than other European countries

Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

COLONIAL EMPIRE
-Colonies supplied raw materials for manufactured goods -Provided market for finished goods ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIALIZING FIRST -No other countries competing for manufactured goods -Monopoly on technology

SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Owen Marx

THE MIDDLE CLASS ~As more jobs became available the middle class grew. (bankers, merchants, lawyers, doctors, engineers, etc) ~Large houses ~Leisure time ~Fine clothes

CHANGES IN SOCIETY
~People became wage earners, dependant of others instead of themselves. ~Clocks replace seasons as peoples work cycle. ~Factories were full of rules, farms were not. ~Life became difficult and monotonous ~12 people in one room apartment ~Illness, death or unemployment meant starvation.

HOUSING
~Workers lived in very small houses on cramped streets ~Shared toilet facilities-open sewers ~Disease spread through contaminated water supply ~Chest diseases from the mines, cholera, typhoid & smallpox extremely common ~The greatest killer in the cities was tuberculosis ~By the late 19th century, 70 to 90% of the urban populations of Europe and North America had TB ~40% of working-class deaths in cities were from TB

Dr. John Snows Cholera map - 1854

CHILD LABOR ~Children as young as six years old worked hard hours for little or no pay ~Children sometimes worked up to 19 hours a day, with a one-hour total break ~Children were paid only a fraction of what an adult would get

In England and Scotland in 1788, 60% workers in cotton mills were children

WOMENS ISSUES: A GREAT STEP SIDEWAYS

~Many women & girls worked in manual labor-mines ~Other jobs considered womens work paid less ~Textile mills ~Servants

~Middle Class women

~Belonged at home ~Had servants to do work and raise the children ~Many never married ~Improved education opened some professions like teaching and nursing

DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE
~Life expectancy of children increased dramatically. ~75% children born in London died before the age of five in 1730s, but only 32% in 1820s ~Population of England by 1901was 30.5 million ~Massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities ~In 1717 Manchester - a market town of 10,000, by 1911 a city of 2.3 million

PICTOWORDS
Create a pictoword- symbolic representations of words or phrases that demonstrate the meaning of INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. Use at least 4 colors in your pictoword.
EXAMPLE: ESCA

LATIO

Roberts

Create a pictoword- symbolic representations of words or phrases that demonstrate the meaning of INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. Use at least 4 colors.