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CONTROL SYSTEM
ENGG OPERATOR STATIONS STATION
PROCESSOR
Basic Parameters
Measurement & Control of following Parameters are essential for Instrumentation
TAPPING POINTS
GASES
STEAM GASES
LIQUIDS
Pressure
Pressure measurements are one of the most common measurements required in the boiler .These range from very low -1500mmwc Draft to very high steam pressure 150 kg/cm2 .That include different type of media like steam ,water, fuel oil, air, gas each with varying degree of accuracy and reliability. Pressure varies depending on altitude above sea level, weather pressure fronts and other conditions. The measure of pressure is, therefore, relative and pressure measurements are stated as either gauge or absolute. A gauge pressure device will indicate zero pressure when bled down to atmospheric pressure (i.e., gauge pressure is referenced to atmospheric pressure). Gauge pressure is denoted by a (g) at the end of the pressure unit [e.g., kPa (g)]. Absolute pressure includes the effect of atmospheric pressure with the gauge pressure. It is denoted by an (a) at the end of the pressure unit [e.g., kPa (a)]. An absolute pressure indicator would indicate atmospheric pressure when completely vented down to atmosphere - it would not indicate scale zero. Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Atmospheric Pressure The majority of pressure measurements in a plant are gauge.
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Pressure
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Pressure
Pressure measuring devices The common pressure measuring devices used in IJT boilers are Diaphragm, capsule gauges for low pressure measurement Bourdon tube gauges for medium and high pressure Smart type Pressure Transmitter with required range
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Pressure
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Pressure
Installation: Pressure Gauges are installed on site using accessories as follows: Syphons Sunbber Seal 2 way manifold These are protective devices for pressure measuring instrument from surges & pulsations. These devices used as per application requirement 13
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Pressure Transmitter
(Normal Installation)
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Temperature Measurement
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. Temperature is measured by following: Temperature Gauge: Mercury in Steel type Bi-Metallic Gas Filled Temperature Sensors: RTD Thermocouple
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Temperature Measurement
Installation: Temperature Gauges / Sensors are installed on site using thermowell. It is a protective devices for temperature measuring instrument from damages.
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Flow Measurement
The common flow measuring devices used in IJT boilers are Head Meter : (Restriction type flow meter )
Orifice Plate Flow nozzle Rotameter ( variable Area Type)
Flow Measurement
Installation: Flow sensors are installed in line of the fluid to create DP & hook-ed up with transmitter for measuring Differential Pressure, which corresponds to flow: Q = K1* (P/T ) * DP Where, DP = differential pressure across the flow element P = Main Steam Pressure T = Main steam temperature K1 = Constant Q = Compensated flow
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Flow Transmitter
(AIR)
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Drum Level
H: Drum Center to Center Distance STEAM
WATER
HP LP = (P+hD1g) (P+HD2g) Diff. Pr., P= hD1g HD2g = hD1 HD2 (Where P,h and H are measured in mm of water) (D1 & D2 are in gm/cc) Hence, h = P + HD2 D1
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Drum Level
Drum Level Control Method
Single Element Three Element Shrink & Swell Effect Shrink : When Steam Flow Decreases Drum Level Decreases Swell : When Steam Flow Increases Drum Level Increases
Basic Elements
Drum Level Steam Flow Feed Water Flow
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Drum Level
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Transmitter
Typical Basic Operation of Transmitter
SENSING ELEMENT
TRANSDUCER
INDICATION
Transmitter
Transmitters are generally use is of 2 wire type. This is the most widely used method for transmitter connections .There are three basic elements in this loop, namely Power Supply , transmitter and the receiving instrument .They are connected in series and the transmitter acts as a current regulator in the series circuit . The current in the series circuit changes with respect to change in process parameter. This simplifies cabling and reduces erection and cable cost.
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Transmitter
Normal Pressure Transmitter
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Transmitter
Differential Pressure Transmitter
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II . HIGH OUTPUT POTENTIAL SOURCE : 1.PRIMARY ELEMENT 2.IMPULSE PIPING 3.TRANSMITTER ELECTRONICS 4.SENSING ELEMENT
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III . LOW OUTPUT OR NO OUTPUT POTENTIAL SOURCE : 1. PRIMARY ELEMENT 2. LOOP WIRING 3. IMPULSE PIPING 4. SENSING ELEMENT
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IV .TRANSMITTER DOES NOT CHARACTERIZE PROPERLY POTENTIAL SOURCE : 1.PRESSURE SOURCE /CORRECTION 2.mA METER 3.POWER SUPPLY 4. TRANSMITTER ELECTRONICS 5. SENSING ELEMENT
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Control Valve
Being the Final Control Element in a system is not an easy job. To start with, Control Valves are blamed for any and all problems that crop up in the process. Control Valve are subjected to corrosion, high velocity, cavitations, flashing liquids, cryogenic temperatures, abrasion, high temperatures and thermal shock. Control Valve are expected not only to throttle along through all this, but most likely, you are also being asked to act as a block valve and shut off tight.
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Rotary Motion
Ball
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