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Methods of Analysis
Methods of Analysis Introduction Nodal analysis Nodal analysis with voltage source Mesh analysis Mesh analysis with current source Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection Nodal versus mesh analysis
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Figure 3.1
Common symbols for indicating a reference node, (a) common ground, (b) ground, (c) chassis.
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Figure 3.2
Typical circuit for nodal analysis
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I1 ! I 2 i1 i2 I 2 i2 ! i3 vhigher vlower i! R
v1 0 or i1 ! G1v1 i1 ! R1 v1 v2 or i2 ! G2 (v1 v2 ) i2 ! R2 v2 0 or i3 ! G3v2 i3 ! R3
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v1 v1 v2 I1 ! I 2 R1 R2 v1 v2 v2 I2 ! R2 R3
I1 I 2 ! G1v1 G2 (v1 v2 ) I 2 ! G2 (v1 v2 ) G3v2
G1 G2 G2
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G2 v1 I1 I 2 ! G2 G3 v2 I 2
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Example 3.1
Calculus the node voltage in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.3(a)
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Example 3.1
At node 1
i1 ! i2 i3 v1 v2 v1 0 5! 4 2
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Example 3.1
At node 2
i2 i4 ! i1 i5 v2 v1 v2 0 5! 4 6
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Example 3.1
In matrix form:
1 1 2 4 1 4
1 v 5 1 4 ! 1 1 v2 5 6 4
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Example 3.2
Determine the voltage at the nodes in Fig. 3.5(a)
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Example 3.2
At node 1,
3 ! i1 ix v1 v3 v1 v2 3! 4 2
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Example 3.2
At node 2
ix ! i2 i3 v1 v2 v2 v3 v2 0 ! 2 8 4
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Example 3.2
At node 3
i1 i2 ! 2ix v1 v3 v2 v3 2(v1 v2 ) ! 4 8 2
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Example 3.2
In matrix form:
3 4 1 2 3 4
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1 2 7 8 9 8
1 4 v1 3 1 v2 ! 0 8 3 v3 0 8
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A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent) voltage source connected between two nonreference nodes and any elements connected in parallel with it. The required two equations for regulating the two nonreference node voltages are obtained by the KCL of the supernode and the relationship of node voltages due to the voltage source.
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Example 3.3
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9, find the node voltages.
2 7 i1 i 2 ! 0 v v 27 1 2 ! 0 2 4 v1 v2 ! 2
i1
i2
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Example 3.4
Find the node voltages in the circuit of Fig. 3.12.
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Example 3.4
At suopernode 1-2,
v3 v2 v1 v4 v1 10 ! 6 3 2 v1 v2 ! 20
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Example 3.4
At supernode 3-4,
v1 v4 v3 v2 v4 v3 ! 3 6 1 4 v3 v4 ! 3(v1 v4 )
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Fig. 3.15
(a) A Planar circuit with crossing branches, (b) The same circuit redrawn with no crossing branches.
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Fig. 3.16
A nonplanar circuit.
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Fig. 3.17
A circuit with two meshes.
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R1 R3 R3
R3 i1 V1 ! R2 R3 i2 V2
Use i for a mesh current and I for a branch current. Its evident from Fig. 3.17 that
I1 ! i1 , I 2 ! i2 ,
I 3 ! i1 i2
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Example 3.5
Find the branch current I1, I2, and I3 using mesh analysis.
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Example 3.5
For mesh 1,
15 5i1 10(i1 i2 ) 10 ! 0
For mesh 2,
3i1 2i2 ! 1
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Example 3.6
Use mesh analysis to find the current I0 in the circuit of Fig. 3.20.
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Example 3.6
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,
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Example 3.6
For mesh 3,
4 I 0 12(i3 i1 ) 4(i3 i2 ) ! 0 At node A, I 0 ! I1 i2 , 4(i1 i2 ) 12(i3 i1 ) 4(i3 i2 ) ! 0 i1 i2 2i3 ! 0
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Case 1
Current source exist only in one mesh
i1 ! 2A
One mesh variable is reduced
Case 2
Current source exists between two meshes, a supermesh is obtained.
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Fig. 3.23
a supermesh results when two meshes have a (dependent , independent) current source in common.
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Properties of a Supermesh
1. The current is not completely ignored
provides the constraint equation necessary to solve for the mesh current.
2. A supermesh has no current of its own. 3. Several current sources in adjacency form a bigger supermesh.
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Example 3.7
For the circuit in Fig. 3.24, find i1 to i4 using mesh analysis.
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If a supermesh consists of two meshes, two equations are needed; one is obtained using KVL and Ohms law to the supermesh and the other is obtained by relation regulated due to the current source.
6i1 14i2 ! 20 i1 i2 ! 6
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Similarly, a supermesh formed from three meshes needs three equations: one is from the supermesh and the other two equations are obtained from the two current sources.
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(a)For circuits with only resistors and independent current sources (b)For planar circuits with only resistors and independent voltage sources
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In the Fig. 3.26 (a), the circuit has two nonreference nodes and the node equations
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or simply Gv = i
where G : the conductance matrix, v : the output vector, i : the input vector
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The circuit has two nonreference nodes and the node equations were derived as
R1 R3 R3
R3 i1 v1 ! R2 R3 i2 v2
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In general, if the circuit has N meshes, the meshcurrent equations as the resistances term is
or simply Rv = i
where R : the resistance matrix, i : the output vector, v : the input vector
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Example 3.8
Write the node voltage matrix equations in Fig.3.27.
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Example 3.8
The circuit has 4 nonreference nodes, so
1 1 1 1 1 G11 ! ! 0.3, G22 ! ! 1.325 5 10 5 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 G33 ! ! 0.5, G44 ! ! 1.625 8 8 4 8 2 1
1 G12 ! ! 0.2, G13 ! G14 ! 0 5 1 1 G21 ! 0.2, G23 ! ! 0.125, G24 ! ! 1 8 1 G31 ! 0, G32 ! 0.125, G34 ! 0.125 G41 ! 0, G42 ! 1, G43 ! 0.125
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Example 3.8
The input current vector i in amperes
i1 ! 3, i2 ! 1 2 ! 3, i3 ! 0, i4 ! 2 4 ! 6
The node-voltage equations are
0 0 v1 3 0.3 0.2 v 3 0.2 1.325 0.125 1 2 ! 0.125 v3 0 0 0.125 0.5 v 6 0 1 1.625 4 0.125
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Example 3.9
Write the mesh current equations in Fig.3.27.
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Example 3.9
The input voltage vector v in volts
v1 ! 4, v2 ! 10 4 ! 6, v3 ! 12 6 ! 6, v4 ! 0, v5 ! 6
The mesh-current equations are
9 2 2 0 0
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2 2 0 0 i1 i 4 10 4 1 1 2 6 4 9 0 0 i3 ! 6 i 0 0 8 3 4 1 6 0 3 4 i5 1
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Example 3.13
For the BJT circuit in Fig.3.43, F=150 and VBE = 0.7 V. Find v0.
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Example 3.13
Use mesh analysis or nodal analysis
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Example 3.13
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3.10 Summery
1. Nodal analysis: the application of KCL at the nonreference nodes
A circuit has fewer node equations
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Homework
Problems 7, 12, 20, 31(write down required equations only), 39, 49, 53(write down required equations only)
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