Computational Fracture Mechanics

Andersons book, third ed. , chap 12

Elements of Theory
Energy domain integral method: - Formulated by Shih et al. (1986):
CF Shih, B. Moran and T. Nakamura, Energy release rate along a three-dimensional crack front in a thermally stressed body, International Journal of Fracture 30 (1986), pp. 79-102

- Generalized definition of the J- integral (nonlinear materials, thermal strain, dynamic effects). - Relatively simple to implement numerically, very efficient.

Finite element (FE) code ABAQUS version 6.5 ABAQUS:

- suite of powerful engineering simulation programs - based on the finite element method - for simple linear analyses and most challenging nonlinear simulations

Abaqus 6.5 :

products associated with Abaqus:

Optional capabilities (offshore structures, design sensitivity calculations)

Abaqus Standard : general-purpose analysis product that can treat a wide range of problems. Abaqus Explicit : intended for modeling brief, transient dynamic events (impact) uses an explicit dynamic finite element formulation. CAE : interactive, graphical environment allowing models to be created quickly. can be used for producing/ importing the geometry to be analyzed. is useful to monitor/control the analysis jobs and display the results (Viewer). creates input files (.inp) that will be processed by Abaqus standard. For details see the Getting Started Manual of Abaqus 6.5

Energy Domain Integral : In 2D, under quasistatic conditions, J may be expressed by J ! lim n HT q ds
+ p0 +

The contour + surrounds the crack tip. The limit indicates that + shrinks onto the crack tip. n : unit outward normal to + q : unit vector in the virtual crack extension direction. x1 , x2 Cartesian system

and, H ! wI  uT

w : strain energy density W : Cauchy stress tensor displacement gradient tensor

H : Eshelbys elastic energy-momentum tensor (for a non-linear elastic solid) For details see the Theory Manual of Abaqus 6.5, section 2.16

With q along x1 and the field quantities expressed in Cartesian components, i.e. 1 q! 0 n1 n! n2 w 0 W11 HT !  W 0 w 21 xu1 W12 xx1 xu W 22 2 xx 1 xu1 xx2 xu2 xx2

Thus,
n H q!
T

?n1

W11 w 0 1 n2 A 0  ?n1 n2 AW 0 w 21

xu1 W12 xx1 xu W 22 2 xx 1

xu1 xx2 1 xu2 0 xx2

In indexed form, we obtain x uj J ! lim wn1  W ij ni ds x x1 + p0 + The expression of J (see eq. 6.45) is recovered with n1 ds ! dx2 | dy The previous equation is not suitable for a numerical analysis of J. Transformation into a domain integral

Following Shih et al. (1986), J ! lim n HT q ds

+ p0 +

q !1  t
C  C

!

C  C  +  C

H q ds
T

u q ds

(*)

m : outward normal on the closed contour C  C  +  C t ! m : the surface traction on the crack faces. q on + q! 0 on C A m = -n on +

is a sufficiently smooth weighting function in the domain A. 1 on + q  xi ! 0 on C with otherwise arbitrary

Note that, q ! q xi q

A includes the crack-tip region as + p 0

(*) Derivation of the integral expression J !  m

C

H q ds  m H q ds  m H q ds  m H q ds
T T T T C +

 m
C  C

C

H q ds
T

Line integral along the closed contour C  C  +  C Noting that, m

C  C

HT q ds ! m
C  C

= 0

= q

enclosing the region A.

wI  uT

q ds

since

! m
C  C

wI 

u q ds

! w m q ds  m
C  C C C

u q ds

0 ! m
C  C

u q ds
T

!
C  C

u q ds

since t ! m

! t
C  C

u q ds

Using the divergence theorem, the contour integral is converted into the domain integral J !  div H T q dA  t
A C  C

u q ds
H ki ,i ! 0

 Under certain circumstances, H is divergence free, i.e.

indicates the path independence of the J-integral.  In the general case of thermo-mechanical loading and with body forces and crack face tractions: H ki ,i { 0 the J-integral is only defined by the limiting contour + p 0 Introducing then the vector, h = div H in A or hk ! H ki ,i

Using next the relationship, div AT a ! div A a + A: a J ! 

A

? H : q

 h q AdA  t
C  C

u q ds

Contributions due to crack face tractions.

In Abaqus:

- This integral is evaluated using ring elements surrounding the crack tip. - Different contours are created: First contour (1) = elements directly connected to crack-tip nodes. The second contour (2) are elements sharing nodes with the first, etc

Refined mesh

Contour (i)

q !0

nodes outside

q !1 Crack

nodes inside

2 1 q 8-node quadratic plane strain element (CPE8)

Exception: 0

1 on midside nodes (if they exist) in the outer ring of elements

J-integral in three dimensions Local orthogonal Cartesian coordinates at the point s on the crack front: J defined in the x1- x2 plane B crack front at s L
J s ! lim n HT q d +
+ p0 +

Point-wise value

For a virtual crack advance P(s) in the plane of a 3D crack,

T

L : length of the crack front under consideration. dA ! ds d + : surface element on a vanishingly small tubular surface enclosing the crack front along the length L.

Numerical application (bi-material interface):

SEN specimen geometry (see annex III.1): W a = 40 mm Material 1 b = 100 mm h = 100 mm a/b = 0.4 and h/b = 1

Remote loading: W!MPa. 2h a b Materials properties (Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio): Material 1: E1 = 3 GPa R1 = 0.35 y x Material 2 Material 2: E2 = 70 GPa W R2 = 0.2 Plane strain conditions.

 Typical mesh: Material 1= Material 2 Material 1

Refined mesh around the crack tip Material 2 Number of elements used: 1376 Type: CPE8 (plane strain)

Simulation of the stress evolution W(isotropic case)

Simulation of the stress evolution W(bi-material)

Results:
Material 1 J (N/mm) Abaqus
0.1641

Material 2 J (N/mm)
0.0077

Bi-material J (N/mm)
0.0837 (*)

(*) same values on the contours 2-8

Isotropic KI Annex III Abaqus

0.746 0.748

Bi-material KI
/ 0.752

KII
0. 0.

KII
/ 0.072

SIF given in MPa m

Ones checks that:

J!

K I2 Ei ( 1 R i2 )

for the isotropic case (i =1,2).

 Relationship between J and the SIFs for the bi-material configuration: - For an interfacial crack between two dissimilar isotropic materials (plane strain),

where and Gi ! Ei 2 1  R i O i ! 3  4R i Ei ! Ei 1 R i2 plane strain, i = 1,2

KI and KII are defined here from a complex intensity factor, such that with - Extracted from the Theory Manual of Abaqus 6.5, section 2.16.2.
H. Gao, M.Abbudi and D.M. Barnett, Interfacial Crack-tip fields in anisotropic elastic solids thermally stressed body, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 40 (1992), pp. 393-416

Disagreement with the results of Smelser et al.