DirectDirect-drive electric propulsion;

a cost effective way to conserve energy and reduce pollution.

Automotive Friction;
A function of the choice of (electric or ICE) rotational propulsion device plus:

RollingRolling- and Air-Resistance, Aircaused by:

the number of moving parts, weight, tires, and area-dynamic performance!

FRICTION..Transmission: FRICTION..Transmission: kW in not kW out

In

large energy loss at nominal speeds

Out

FRICTION Rear Axle/Differential: kW in - not kW out Axle/Differential:

In

large energy loss at nominal speeds

Out

Drive Train Friction:

kW in - not kW out
A typical drive train at top speed is claimed to produce an energy-loss of about

15%

+
At nominal speed, however, it produces an energy-loss of about 50%

and.. nominal speed is dominant in cities!

e-Traction System added 1,000 kg

in weight of the original VDL Ambassador 200 city bus

If ever necessary, the direct-drive wheel hub system can be replaced in about two hours.

Nevertheless, rolling resistance declined by 47% from 15 kg/ton in original diesel configuration, to only 8 kg/ton.

Automotive Friction;
Vehicle empty weight is a major factor in energy efficiency.

Mission specific vehicles,

are needed that:

Are strong, but light and durable.

(Why carry weight for the off chance of being useful?)

Have an appropriate maximum speed.

(the average speed of a city bus is less than 15 MPH!)

Transit buses: large contributors to inner-city pollution: inner-

Fuel consumption and air pollution closely correlated pollution: Noise pollution of common city bus: around 80 Decibels

Neither of these environmental burdens need to be that high!

Transit buses: contributors to inner-city pollution: innerPublic Transit bus fuel consumption of the largest cities in the Netherlands average*:

50 liters per 100 kilometers 2 kilometers per liter 4.7 miles per (U.S.) gallon
Public Transit bus fuel consumption of the largest cities in the United States average**:

67 liters per 100 kilometers 1.5 kilometers per liter 3.5 miles per (U.S.) gallon
* Source: Transit companies of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, and Utrecht in the Netherlands ** Source: General Motors (US) and APTA

Transit buses: contributors to inner-city pollution: inner4.7 miles per (U.S.) gallon In the United States**: 3.5 miles per (U.S.) gallon
In the Netherlands*:

Why do U.S. buses use a third more fuel than their E.U. equivalent?

Excessive Weight , and energy dependent auxiliary equipment

(air-conditioning, etc.)

* Source: Transit companies of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, and Utrecht in the Netherlands ** Source: General Motors (US) and APTA

Reduced Environmental Burden Public Transit within reach

Two e-Traction powered buses are proving daily that fuel consumption, air and noise pollution can be drastically reduced without any reduction in on-time performance, comfort and safety. While the environmental benefits are instantaneous, the reduced fuel consumption will quickly recover the initially higher incremental acquisition cost.

Reduced Environmental Burden Public Transit within reach

The Dutch Government has become well aware of the financial and ecological potential embedded in the e-Traction technology:

The Prime Minister, the Secretary of Transportation, and the Secretary of Environmental Affairs have all and/or driven in the e-Traction-Bus or Whisper e-Traction-

Light weight composite e-Traction Bus eFuel consumption certified by TNO

Reduced Environmental Burden Public Transit within reach

The, 11 metric ton empty-weight, Whisper on average uses:

650 Wh (Watt hour) per km in city operation (avg. 20km/h) 600 Wh per km at a steady 85 km/h on the highway

Reduced Environmental Burden Public Transit within reach

City bus energy derived solely from diesel fuel (generator @ 3.8 kW per liter)*
miles per (US) gallon City e-Traction powered (Whisper) city bus Best conventional diesel city bus (NL) Average conventional diesel city bus (NL) Conventional diesel city bus (US) 85 km/h 14.8 7.3 5.5 4.1

13.9
6.3

4.7
3.5

* Alternatively,

at the end of a duty cycle more than 30 kW could instead be derived from the power grid reducing consumption by 8+ liters.

The Whisper can go 2.2 times further on the same amount of fuel compared to the most efficient city bus in NL. Its fuel consumption is about one third of that of the average city bus fleet in NL, Its fuel consumption is about one quarter of that used by an average US city bus, and Produces no more than 62 decibels or less, a very substantial reduction from the normal 80 decibels.

Annual CO2 Emission Reduction

Whisper Bus compared to U.S. equivalent
Emissions are to a large extend a function of fuel consumption, thus

Annual Fuel Savings:

(annual mileage current MPG) - (annual mileage Whisper MPG)

for example: (50,000 miles 3.5 MPG) - (50,000 13.9) =

10,689 gallons per year

Annual CO2 emission reduction: @ 10 kg per U.S. gallon of diesel

107 metric tons per year

Noise Reduction of e-Traction powered Bus e(60 Decibels measured on the Whisper compared to 80 DB for its conventional equivalent)
Source Intensity Level 0 dB 10 dB 20 dB # Times Greater than Threshold of Hearing 100 101 102 106 107 108 109.8 1010 1011 1013 1014 1016

Threshold of Hearing (TOH) Rustling Leaves Whisper

Normal Conversation
Busy Street Traffic

60 dB
70 dB

Vacuum Cleaner
Large Orchestra Walkman at Maximum Level Front Rows of Rock Concert Threshold of Pain Military Jet Takeoff Instant Perforation of Eardrum

80 dB
98 dB 100 dB 110 dB 130 dB 140 dB 160 dB

100 times quieter

What does a Whisper cost? (In Europe)

Current exchange rate: = US$ 1.47

To Buy: To Operate:

Currently 325,000 expected to drop to 250,000

(assumes cost of the body excluding drive train 100,000)

Maintenance expense is comparable Depreciation higher due to purchase price

Total Fuel Cost Reduction at average Price per Liter of Diesel in 13 years 0.75 - 195,000 - 292,500 - 390,000 - 487,500 1.00 - 260,000 - 390,000 - 520,000 - 650,000 1.25 - 325,000 - 487,500 - 650,000 - 812,500 1.50 - 390,000 - 585,000 - 780,000 - 975,000 1.75 - 455,000 - 682,500 - 910,000 - 1,137,500 2.00 - 520,000 - 780,000 - 1,040,000 - 1,300,000

KM's year 60,000 90,000 120,000 150,000

liters year 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

A newly delivered bus, regardless of its energy efficiency and environmental impact, will likely be still in operation around 2020 unless environmental regulations or economic reasons force a premature replacement.

Annual Fuel Expense Reduction

Whisper Bus compared to U.S. equivalent
Annual Fuel Savings:
(annual mileage current MPG) - (annual mileage Whisper MPG)

for example: (50,000 miles 3.5 MPG) - (50,000 13.9) =

10,689 gallons per year

Break-even point depends on incremental cost as a result of: Vehicle Specifications, Conversion versus new construction, and Production location & volume.

Why does Whisper succeed where others failed?

Because Proven (Hybrid) Technology applications, more often than not, do not address weight and friction problems, they invariably produce only marginal improvements in energy efficiency. e-Traction System Design Objective: Reduce weight, friction and optimize Energy Management (Consumption, Recovery and Generation) in combination with ease of application and maintenance.

e-Traction System Innovations:

Pollution control

Computerized Energy Mgt. Batteries APU (generator)

Traction System and low-floor Axle

The Whisper modular e-Traction System components: Whispers

Two TheWheel SM500/2FE direct drive propulsion systems recover 70% of the energy needed to reach a given speed under braking.

e-Traction universal extreme low floor rear axle

Energy storage, in two air-conditioned containers, each holding 14 Lithium-ion batteries allow operation for one full hour as a ZERO EMISSION vehicle, while combined weighing only 280 kg.

Variable speed, variable VDC output diesel powered generator

CANopen programmable logic computer forms the link between all components and are jointly governed by the e-Traction Energy Management System software.

Electric Direct-Drive Wheel-hub Traction System DirectWheel(The primary Source of Energy Conservation)

Tire Rim The only moving part!

VDC Energy Input

90+% Energy Output @ Contact Patch

Electric Direct-Drive Wheel-hub Traction System DirectWheel(Input & Output Quick-connects for easy Assembly) QuickCooling Liquid Supply

Cooling Liquid Return

Data Supply & Return Liquid Cooling Loop Connection 400 VDC Power Supply & Return

Rotating splined axle slides in and out of brake rotor

e-Traction Low-Floor Rear Axle LowCompatible with commonly used designs

100 cm wide aisle, 50 cm above surface @ 15 cm ground clearance

e-Traction Low-Floor Front Axle LowLow-floor FWD and 4WD Buses finally possible
TheWheel SM500/2FE or SM500/1FE or AL

e-Traction Suspension Arm allows 180 steering movement

e-Traction Direct-Drive Product Range Direct-

SM500/1 SM500/3

SM450/1

SM500/2

SM700/3

SM350/1

SM350/2

e-Traction Direct-Drive Product Range DirectBrushless VDC Permanent Magnet Motors

A continuous supply of 380 VDC, roughly equal to the energy storage, is brought to each wheel-hub unit. Based on operator input, the built-in controller board in each wheel-hub unit receives instructions from the vehicle CPU. The controller board instructs the built-in inverters in which direction and to what degree energy should be supplied to the AC motor section. The performance data of each wheel-hub unit is fed back to the CPU for comparison given it built-in traction control and ABS.

e-Traction Direct-Drive Product Range DirectBrushless VDC Permanent Magnet Motors

RPM and torque are continuously managed between the different wheel-hub systems. A wheel that spins faster than the computer predicts could be
getting a flat tire, or is on a slippery surface. If a wheel under braking stops while the other still moves at the predicted speed must have lost traction.

When the operator makes a steering input, the wheel-hub unit on the inside of the turn will be throttled back, forcing the vehicle to make a turn. The ability to differentially power the wheels greatly reduces tire wear and
relieves the powers steering system.

Individual direct-drive unit(s) can be shut down and will simply roll along as any other unpowered wheel. Assuming proper system sizing, the
vehicle should still be able to perform most mission tasks.

e-Traction System Performance (kW)

250 200 150 100 50 0 48 96 144 192 240 384 768 Volts
SM350/1 SM350/2 SM450/1 SM500/1 SM500/2 SM500/3 SM700/2 SM700/3

e-Traction System Performance

Torque in Nm
16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0
Nominal Peak

Whisper

Lessons learned
The initial version of the Whisper performed quite well. It used SM700/3AL systems, which were in many ways excessive as they were:

Too big, Too powerful, Too heavy, and Absorbed 8 revenue seats.
They have been replaced in 2005 with the SM500/2FE on the Whisper II. The SM500/2FE will soon be replaced with the SM500/3FE to allow for a greater range of operations.

 e-Traction

System Performance

The key challenge for a direct-drive system: directAcceleration from stand-still (beyond that it will outperform all others) Obstacles (curbs, potholes etc) Inclines
(accelerating uphill with a full load from stand-still)

Regenerative energy storage (sufficient absorption capacity) The Whisper needs about 2,000 Nm for normal operations, but may briefly need as much as 15,000 Nm to overcome minor obstacles.

e-Traction System Performance

Torque in Nm of two Direct-Drive Systems per Vehicle Direct-

TheWheel TheWheel SM500/2FE

(custom designed for the Whisper II)

TheWheel TheWheel SM500/2FE

(custom designed for the Whisper II)

Designed for the intended task in the Netherlands: At 360 VDC TheWheel SM500/2FE with the precisely chosen windings of its current configuration (without the use of field-weakening) will reach a maximum of 520 RPM. The currently used super-single tire by Michelin, model XDU 455/45 R22.5, has a diameter of 100 cm. That results in a maximum speed 98 km/h, without fieldweakening, which is about 10 km/h above the legal limit in the Netherlands for a bus.

 e-Traction

System Performance

The key challenge for a direct-drive system: direct-

Heat, Heat, and Heat,

produced in challenging situations, such as rapid acceleration and deceleration or overcoming obstacles. The e-Traction direct-drives systems have built-in liquid cooling which is connected to use a dedicated radiator(s). The greater the ambient temperature the greater the need for specialized cooling techniques. The greater the reserve power the lower the need for intricate liquid cooling systems.

 e-Traction

System Performance

The key challenge for a direct-drive system: direct-

The energy consumption of an oversized system is by and large the same as that of a properly sized system, except: It weighs more, It costs more to make, It takes more space, and.. It has a lower maximum RPM (ex equo).

e-Traction System Performance

RPM at different Voltages*
2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 48 96 144 192 240 384 768 Volts
* In AC motor star configuration for triangle configuration multiply by 1.73

SM350/1 SM350/2 SM450/1 SM500/1 SM500/2 SM500/3 SM700/2 SM700/3

Modular Approach:
Affords Infinite Adaptability
The Whisper is the result of a conversion of a brand new conventional VDL Ambassador 200 diesel bus by e-Traction. Conversions would appear to be the most logical initial application of the technology as bus manufacturers have been shown to be most reluctant to lead the way in innovation. The Whisper in its current form is equipped with SM500/2FE wheel-hub systems, Lithium-ion batteries, a diesel motor attached to a e-Traction SM350/2AL as generator, and the e-Mission Particle Eliminator. Not only can these components be easily exchanged with spares, with little effort they can also be replaced with alternatives.

Particle Reduction of e-Traction powered Bus e(with 66.7% reduction in fuel-consumption and e-Mission Particle Eliminator*) fuelEliminator*)

Roof-mounted container with cyclones, muffler and electronic controls

Receptacles collect carbon deposits that only need to be emptied periodically

The Whisper produces only (100% - 66.7%) * 0.8 = 6.7% of the PM2.5 particles of an average Dutch city bus.
* Currently in testing already achieving a greater than 80% reduction

Particle Reduction of e-Traction powered Bus e(with 66.7% reduction in fuel-consumption and e-Mission Particle Eliminator*) fuelEliminator*)

Remainder (7%)

e-Traction System (- 67%)

e-Mission Particle Eliminator* (-24%)

* Currently in testing already achieving a greater than 80% reduction

Particle Reduction of e-Traction powered Truck e(with 66.7% reduction in fuel-consumption and e-Mission Particle Eliminator*) fuelEliminator*)

Receptacles collect carbon deposits that only need to be emptied periodically

Chassis-mounted container with cyclones, muffler and electronic controls

The TNT truck minimally produces 80% less PM2.5 particles than its conventional equivalent.
* Currently in testing already achieving a greater than 80% reduction

 e-Traction

System relies on

LithiumLithium-ion batteries
The Whispers 28 (130 Ah 12VDC) Lithium-ion batteries, in two easily exchangeable airconditioned containers, only weigh 300 kg. These individually CANopen controlled batteries function primarily as the buffer between demand and supply. They are also the storage device for the regenerative braking energy. They also enable the Whisper to be operate for one full hour as a ZERO EMISSION vehicle vehicle. The GPS can inhibit the diesel generator to operate in environmentally challenged zones.

Modular e-Traction Auxiliary Power Unit eexchanged in about one hour could also operate on fuel other than diesel

Housing the diesel motor driving a variable speed & variable output e-Traction SM350/2AL generator producing 60 kW @ 2,500 RPM, but also the air-compressor and power steering pump.

Modular Auxiliary Power Unit offers Choice

The generator, located in the silent container also housing the auxiliaries, could be propelled by a combustion motor running on diesel, bio-diesel, ethanol, methane, natural gas, LPG or hydrogen and is quickly adaptable to whatever appears optimum from an environmental perspective or is dictated by changing fuel prices and/or availability.

The container could also house a fuel cell. cell.

e-Traction System Performance (kW)

Whisper uses 57 kW @ 80 km/h

Toyota Prius:
Gas: 1.5 L 57 kW (76 hp) @ 5000 rpm Electric: 500 V, 50 kW (67 hp) @ 1200 rpm

The e-Traction SM350/2 can produce 60 kW at 2,500 RPM with a 3 liter (85 hp) VMI diesel motor.

 e-Traction

System:

enabling Technology for other Initiatives;

improves Viability of Fuel Cell. Cell.

CUTE fuel-cell bus of the Public Transit Company (GVB) of the City of Amsterdam

e-Traction System quadruples Range of Fuel Cell Bus

GVB Fuel Cell Bus Mercedes Citaro-E
Fuel consumption

e-Traction Fuel Cell Bus

Standard Diesel Bus GVB Amsterdam

0.205 kg/km

0.05 kg/km

0.5 l/km

Range
Fuel Energy density Energy consumption

Half a Day
Hydrogen = 120 MJ/kg

Two Days
Hydrogen = 120MJ/kg

One Day
Diesel = 36 MJ/l

0.205*120 = 24.6 MJ/km

0.05*120 = 6 MJ/km

0.5*36 = 18.0 MJ/km

Aside from the purchase price and cost of maintenance, insufficient storage capacity of hydrogen is the largest operational handicap experienced by Amsterdams Public Transit company (GVB) with the three CUTE buses it currently operates.

 e-Traction

System:

enabling Technology for other Initiatives;

improves Viability of Fuel Cell. Cell.

The Hytruck city delivery vehicle uses a 16 kW fuel cell and 25 kWh Lithium-ion battery storage to power Lithiumtwo TheWheel SM500/1FE wheel hub systems.

The Hytruck was introduced on October 25th 2007. It has received the TERTS innovation Award 2007.

Enabling Technology for other Initiatives;

The Hytruck was introduced on October 25th 2007. It has received the TERTS innovation Award 2007.

e-Traction System for smaller Vehicles

Same benefits can be achieved

The Car in the Future, a project of students of the University of Eindhoven (NL) proposes the use of four e-Traction SM450/1AL systems.

e-Traction System for smaller Vehicles

Same benefits can be achieved

Four e-Traction SM350/1AL units can be placed in an SUVs where normally the differential is located, leaving the original 4WD concept, suspension and steering and intact. This system is also suited for large or small delivery vehicles.

Ecologic & Economic Benefits rarely ever seen to go hand in hand!

In conclusion, the e-Traction System: 1. Reduces harmful air and noise pollution pollution, 2. Reduces the need for (imported) energy, and 3. Lowers the cost of mobility mobility.

Why is has the e-Traction System not yet ebecome the most sought after technology?
The proposed change is revolutionary: 1. There is more than 100 years of experience with the current technology technology, 2. The initial cost remains high, at least until mass production occurs, and 3. Who would want to risk his/her career with a limited proven concept?

Goals and/or Needs

Clean & Quiet Environment Public and/or Passenger National Government Regional Government Local Government Urgent need to reduce air & noise Pollution Transportation Cost Containment Limit Ticket Price Alternative to Private Vehicles

Regulations

Concession

Subsidy

Operator

Whatever the customer is willing to pay Follow (not lead) Customer Demand Innovative Solutions

Reliable Equipment (Penalty Clause) Rely on "Proven Technology" Same Reliability & Performance

Profit Maximization Minimize Risk Maximize Profit Unable to fund Pilot Project with limited financial Resources

Bus Manufacturer

Component Supplier

Goals and/or Needs

Clean & Quiet Environment Public and/or Passenger National Government Regional Government Local Government Urgent need to reduce air & noise Pollution Transportation Cost Containment Limit Ticket Price Alternative to Private Vehicles
Every 6 to 8 years

Regulations

Concession

Subsidy

Operator

Whatever the customer is willing to pay Follow (not lead) Customer Demand Innovative Solutions

Reliable Equipment (Penalty Clause) Rely on "Proven Technology" Same Reliability & Performance

Profit Maximization Minimize Risk Maximize Profit Unable to fund Pilot Project with limited financial Resources

Bus Manufacturer

Component Supplier