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Introduction
Aim of training course Timings for course ; Introduction Period 1 Break Period 2 Break Conclusion
1. KNOWLEDGE OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT 2. ASSESSMENT OF LIFE THREATENING SITUATIONS 3. PRIORITISE TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES 4. BASIC AND ESSENTIAL TREATMENT OF INJURIES 5. SAFE EVACUATION OF CASUALTIES
Give basic life support Assess life threatening situations Prioritise casualties Give basic and essential treatment of injuries Safely evacuate casualties
First aid is the treatment of the sick and injured before professional medical help can be given. The aims of first aid are to prevent death or further injury, to counteract shock and to relieve pain. Unconsciousness, severe bleeding or burns require immediate treatment. Serious trauma is most likely from road traffic accidents, gunshots, stab wounds, fire, or blasts from bombs and land mines.
2. ASSESSMENT OF LIFE
THREATENING SITUATIONS
Scene
Safety evaluate all possible threats and ensure that none still exist. Scene evaluate the scene to determine what happened. Situation assess if you have to deal with several casualties
DANGER
PRIORITY
Burns Fractures
A -
Airway
Check for breathing: put your face close to the casualtys mouth, and look, listen and feel for breathing:
Look for chest movements. Listen for sounds of breathing. Feel for breath on your cheek.
How to open the airway: Non trauma patients: Chin lift Trauma patients: Jaw thrust maneuver
B - breathing
Artificial breathing: Raise the chin slightly, pinch the nose and give 2 quick breaths (1-5 seconds/breath) in to the casualtys mouth.
C-
circulation
Bleeding is classified according to the type of blood vessel that is damaged: artery or vein.
Arterial bleeding: Spurting of bright red blood (richly oxygenated) under pressure Venous bleeding: Slow, steady bleeding at low pressure, dark red blood (poorly oxygenated)
Control of bleeding
Treatment of bleeding
Remove or cut clothing Apply direct pressure over the wound If the wounding body (i.e. knife or bullet ) is still incarcerated in the wound, do not extract it Raise and support an injured limb Apply a clean pad or sterile dressing, bandage it in place firmly Secure and support the injured part Look for help and check periodically the circulation
Casualty treatment
It may help to lay the casualty down. This will reduce blood flow to the site of injury, and minimize shock.
Clear airway if obstructed Seal open sucking wounds with hand or other airtight material
DO NOT try to remove any objects that might be sticking out of the wound
Abdominal injuries:
Cover wound with dressings Lay patient on back, with knees up and head and shoulders raised
DO NOT remove debris from the wound DO NOT push in protruding intestines DO NOT give food, drink or painkillers
Checking of pulse
The preferred method to detect the pulse of a casualty, is on the neck.
1. Feel for the Adams apple with two fingers; slide your fingers back towards you into the gap between the Adams apple and the strap muscle, and feel for the carotid pulse. 2. Feel for ten seconds before deciding that the pulse is absent. 3. If it is, proceed with C.P.R
CPR
CARDIO PULMONARY RESCUSITATION CPR
If pulse is present and breathing not active, administer ventilations for one minute (ten ventilations), before checking again the carotid pulse. If pulse is absent, proceed CPR (15/2 compressions/ventilations) - no stop. If pulse is present check for breathing, ensure free airway.
2.
If there are two first-aiders; the one giving chest compressions should set the rythm by counting out loud the pace.
Shock
Clinical shock occurs when there is reduced blood circulating through the body. The main cause of shock is substantial loss of blood, which results in an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body tissues. A person suffering from shock needs immediate attention! Recognition: there may be pallor, cold and clammy skin, rapid and weak pulse, pain, thirst, confusion, restlessness and irritability possibly leading to collapse and unconsciousness.
Place the casualty in a semi-prone position with the legs elevated Ensure free airway Keep the casualty warm Act calmly and reassuringly Do not give anything to drink
Burns
The main causes of burns are:
Fire, dry heat, corrosive substances and friction Wet heat, hot liquids and vapors
1. Extinguish the burn with large amount of liquid, 10 minutes or more. 2. Check airway, breathing, pulse. Be prepared to resuscitate. 3. Gently remove any rings, watches, belts, shoes, or smoldering clothing 4. Cover the injury with a sterile burns sheet or other suitable material. Use a clean plastic bag for a burned hand or foot. Do not drain any blister!
Fractures
Fracture recognition:
Difficulty in moving a limb Pain at or near the site of injury Local distortion, swelling and bruising Shortening, bending, or twisting of the limb Signs of shock
Do not move the casualty until the injured part is secured and supported Support the injured part Immobilize joints above and below a fracture site with a splint
Cover the wound and apply pressure to control the bleeding If bone is protruding, build up pads of soft, non fluffy material around the bone Do not press down directly on a protruding bone end Immobilize as for a closed fracture, elevate the injured part Check the circulation beyond the bandaging every 10 minutes
Sit the casualty down; gently steady and support the injured site across the chest Ask him/her to support the arm Support the arm in a sling and secure the limb to the casualtys chest Transport the casualty in a sitting position
Lay the casualty gently down: ask another helper to steady and support the injured limbs Immobilize the limb by splinting it to the uninjured limb Gently bring the casualtys sound limb alongside the injured one
Human crutch
Dragging method
Any questions ?