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June 9, 2003
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals Lecture Goals
Basic Concepts
Rectangular Beams
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The beam is a structural
member used to support
the internal moments and
shears. It would be
called a beam-column if
a compressive force
existed.
C = T
M = C*(jd)
= T*(jd)
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The stress in the block
is defined as:
o = M*y) / I
S
xx
= I / (y
max
)
The equation for S
xx
modulus for calculating
maximum compressive
stress.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 1: No external
loads self weight.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 2: the external
load P cause the bottom
fibers to equal to
modulus of rupture of
the concrete. Entire
concrete section was
effective, steel bar at
tension side has same
strain as surrounding
concrete.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 3: The tensile
strength of the concrete
exceeds the rupture f
r
and
cracks develop. The
neutral axis shifts upward
and cracks extend to
neutral axis. Concrete
loses tensile strength and
steel starts working
effectively and resists the
entire tensile load.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 4: The
reinforcement yields.
Stage 5: Failure of the
beam.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The three stages of
the beam.
Stage 1: No external
loads acting on the
beam.
Stage 3: Service
loading on the beam.
Stage 5: Beam
failure.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The moment-curvature
diagram show the five
stages of the beam. The
plot is of the curvature
angle, J , verse the
moment.
J = (s / y) = [ o / E ] / y
= [(My / I) / E] / y
J = M / ( E I )
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The beam fails first in shear and the second beam fails
in bending moment.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
There are three types of flexural failure of a structural
member.
Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete
reaches its maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches
ultimate strength. (Balanced section).
Concrete may fail before the the yield of steel due to
the presence of a high percentage of steel in the
section. (Over-reinforced section).
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete
reaches its maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches
ultimate strength. (Balanced section).
Flexural Stress
Concrete may fail before the the yield of steel due to the
presence of a high percentage of steel in the section.
(Over-reinforced section).
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The flexural strain and stress distribution of beam from a
test beam.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Strain measured in test of eccentrically loaded
columns for a tied and spiral columns.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress- -Example Example
Example
Consider a simple rectangular beam( b x h )
reinforced with steel reinforcement of A
s
.
Determine the centroid ( neutral axis, NA ) and
moment of inertia I
zz
of the beam for an ideal
beam (no cracks).
Determine the NA and moment of inertia, I
zz
, of
beam if the beam is cracked and tensile forces
are in the steel only.
(1)
(2)
Example Example- -Definitions Definitions
E
c
Modulus of Elasticity - concrete
E
s
Modulus of Elasticity - steel
A
s
Area of steel
d distance to steel
b width
h height
s
c
E
E
n =
Example Example Mechanics of Mechanics of
Materials Properties Materials Properties
)
i i i
i i
2
i i i i i
y n A
n A
n y n A
y
I I y
=
= +
Centroid (NA)
Moment of Inertia
Example (uncracked) Example (uncracked)
Area yi y
i
A I y
i
- y (y
i
-y)
2
A
Concrete bh h/2 bh
2
/2 bh
3
/12 (h/2-y) (h/2-y)
2
bh
Steel (n-1)A
s
d d(n-1)A
s
--- (d-y) (d-y)
2
(n-1)A
s
)
)
) ) )
2
s
i i
i s
2
3
2 2
s
1
y A
2
A 1
1
12 2
i i i
bh
n A d
y
bh n A
bh h
I I y y A y bh d y n A
+
= =
+
+
= + = + +
' '
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
For a cracked section the
concrete is in compression
and steel is in tension.
The strain in the beam is
linear.
c
s s
1
2
C yb f
T A f
=
=
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
Using Equilibrium
s s c
s c
s
1
2
2
T C
A f yb f
yb
f f
A
=
=
+
=
' '
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
Using Hookes law
s s c c
s
2
yb
E E
A
s s
+
=
' '
f Es =
However, this is an indeterminate problem to
find . We will need to use a compatibility
condition.
y
c s s s
s c
2 2 E A nA
E yb yb
s
s
+
+
= =
' '
' '
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
Using a compatibility
condition.
s c c
s
d d
y
y y y
s s s
s
= =
Substitute into the first equation.
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
s
2nA y
d y yb
=
coefficient is proportion of
average stress distribution covers. (ACI 10.2.7.3)
65 . 0
1000
4000
* 05 . 0 85 . 0
psi 4000 for 85 . 0
c
1
c 1
u
=
=
f
f
F
F
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Requirements for analysis of reinforced concrete beams
[1] Stress-Strain Compatibility Stress at a point in
member must correspond to strain at a point.
[2] Equilibrium Internal
forces balances with
external forces
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(1) Setup equilibrium.
'
+
'
=
=
= =
n
c s s
x
M
2
T 0
85 . 0
C T 0
a
d M
ab f f A
F
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
s s
c
s s
c
0.85
0.85
T A f
C f ab
A f
a
f b
=
=
=
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
)
n
s s
M moment arm
2
T
a
A f d
=
+
=
' '
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(3) Need to confirm s
s
> s
y
)
y c s
1
s
y
y
s s s
F
o
s
>
=
=
=
c
c d
a
c
E