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Conceptual
Design
Physical Design Construction and/or Purchase (prototype) Training Conversion - old to new Implementation Evolution - maintenance &
Design
METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW
Methodology defined: The way something gets done. The strategy, steps, directions, or actions. Methodologies can be:
purchased created combination of both
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METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW
Classifications of Methodologies Traditional Structured Analysis and Design Information Modeling/Engineering Object-Oriented Prototyping is a technique - (some say that it is a methodology)
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Bank
Monthly Statement
Transaction
Creditor
Account Balance
Pay a Bill
Account Transactions
Payment
Bank Accounts
Account Transactions
Deposit
Employer Bank
Reimbursement
(adapted from Systems Analysis and Design Methods, 4th Edition, Whitten and Bentley, McGraw-Hill, 1998)
CUSTOMER Customer Number (PK) Customer Name Shipping Address Billing Address Balance Due has placed
ORDER Order Number (PK) Order Date Order Total Cost Customer Number (FK)
sold
INVENTORY PRODUCT Product Number (PK) Product Name Product Unit of Measure Product Unit Price sold as
ORDERED PRODUCT Ordered Product ID (PK) . Order Number (FK) . Product Number (FK) Quantity Ordered Unit Price at Time of Order
Object-Oriented Methodology
(mid/late-1980s - now)
Object modeling Compliments object-oriented programming Can be repeatable, measurable, & automated Object perspective of the problem domain Describes the real world by its objects, the attributes, services, and relationships Data & functions are encapsulated together
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Object-Oriented Methodology
Revolutionary or Evolutionary? Most difficult aspect is the transition some people have to make from a functional or data problem solving strategy to an object problem solving strategy. Some people must change from a function think or data think to an object think strategy.
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Abstraction
A mental ability that permits people to view real-world problem domains with varying degrees of detail depending on the current context of the problem.
Helps people to think about what they are111 doing Functional and Data abstraction
cake
Directions
Pre-heat oven to 350; Put milk, eggs, and sugar in 2 quart mixing bowl...
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Inheritance
A mechanism for expressing similarity between things thus simplifying their definition.
Inheritance
Person
Student
Faculty
Staff
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Message Communication
Objects communicate via messages
OBJECT
OBJECT
OBJECT
OBJECT
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Associations
The union or connection of ideas or things. (Objects need to interact with each other)
Billing Statement
crime scene #2
versus
Door #1 #2 #3
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Polymorphism
Two examples
TEXT object
25000 20000 B LUE S KY A IR LINE S Sales Report January B LUE S KY A IR LINE S Sales Report February
Add
PO object
= add a line item to the PO = increase $ Amount Balance = hire a new employee
Add Add
Classification Theory
(Common Methods of Organization)
Objects and their characteristics Wholes and Parts Groups (Classes) and Members
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number of doors number of wheels number of windows number of lights number of bolt type 1 number of bolt type 2 etc....
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Reuse
The ability to reuse objects
Varying Degrees of Reuse: complete or sharing copy, purchase or cloning partial or adjusting none
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Reuse
Software Reuse Costs and Payoffs
Orenstein, D. Code reuse: Reality doesnt match promise, Computerworld, August 24, 1998, page 8.
Components must be reused three to five times before the costs of creating and supporting them are recovered It costs one and a half to three times as much to create and support a single reusable component as to create a component for just one use It costs 25% as much to use a reusable component as it does to create a new one It takes two to three product cycles (about three years) before the benefits of reuse become significant
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Data Model versus Function Model Analysis to Design Transition Maintaining Source Code
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Function Models
System Behavior
Data Models
Colorado River
VVVVVVVVVVVV
Analysis Models
Design Models
Colorado River
VVVVVVVVVVVV
Begin Caller Program Init x,y,z... Open (files/database) Read... Compute... DO Callee with x,y,z Spaghetti? Update (files/database) Close (files/database) End Main Program Procedure Callee Parameters x,y,z Compute... End Procedure End Program
SOLUTION
INTEGRATED MODEL(S)
(function, data, behavior) (analysis, design and implementation)
ROUND-TRIP ENGINEERING
Object Technology
Colorado River
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127
3
Establish object responsibilities (behavior, data, functions)
4
Define service scenarios (behavior, data, functions)
Model Component
Problem Domain (PD) Human Interaction (HI) Data Management (DM) System Interaction (SI)
indicates that the activity has been performed for the model component
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Data Management
System Interaction
Note: PD, HI, and SI are similar to Smalltalk programming language concept called Model-View-Controller (MVC)
Model Components
Problem domain -- directly correspond to the problem being modeled Human interaction -- provide interface between the PD objects and people Data management -- provide interface between PD objects and a database or file management system System interaction -- provide interface between PD objects and other systems or devices 133
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class
136
Expanded view of a class or class with objects into its three sections: top: Class Name middle: attributes bottom: services
Attributes
{
{
Services
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generalization-specialization connection
object connection n n
message
n
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SaleItem
RentalItem
Video
Game
ConcessionItem
VCR
Transaction
1 n
Employee
1 1-n
StoreLocation
RentalTransaction 1 n 1-n
Member
SaleRentalLineItem
1 POLineItem 1
Note: For simplification purposes, the attribute and service sections of classes and class-with-objects have been omitted from
Inventory
1-n
barCodeNumber description qtyOnHand price cost taxCode orderInventory inquireAboutAvailableInvento ry addNewInventoryItem changeInventoryItemInformati on delete/RemoveInventoryItem updateQuantity-On-Order
1-n
quantitySold qtyOnHand
SaleItem
RentalItem
timesRented dueDate memberNumber updateRentalInformation
updateQuantitySold updateInventoryQty-On-Hand
Video
Game
ConcessionItem
VCR
Transaction
transactionNumber employeeNumber transactionDate transactionTime
1 n
Employee
payForTransaction
quantitySold purchaseForSaleItems
SalesTransaction
0-1 n 1-n
RentalTransaction
memberNumber rentAnItem checking-inRentalItem
1-n
Member
memberNumber creditCardNumber memberName creditCardExpireDate memeberAddress depositAmount memberCity overdueAmount memberState memberZipcode memberPhone acquireMembership verifyMembership updateCreditCardInformation updateMembershipInformation cancelMembership updateOverdueAmount determineIfDelinquent
1
transactionNumber barCodeNumber price salesTax
SaleRentalLineItem
1
2 of 3
1-n
StoreLocation
vendorNumber vendorName vendorAddress vendorCity vendorState vendorZipcode vendorPhone vendorFaxNumber addNewVendorInformation changeVendorInformation deleteVendor provideVendorInformation
Vendor
n 1
PurchaseOrder
1-n
purchaseOrderNumber purchaseOrderDate purchaseOrderDueDate purchaseOrderCancelDate vendorNumber createNewPurchaseOrder deleteExistingPurchaseOrder
POLineItem
purchaseOrderNumber barCodeNumber quantityOrdered itemCost
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