Determination of Kidney Area Independent Unconstrained Features for Automated Diagnosis and Classification

K. Bommanna Raja and M. Madheswaran

International Conference on Intelligence and Advance Systems-2007 Systems-

Objectives
To evaluate the tissue characteristic of kidney for implementing unbiased diagnosis procedure and to classify important kidney orders To establish a set of unconstraint features that are independent to kidney area variations

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Need
 

Realizing CAD system exclusively for US kidney image is made practicable. With such system it is possible to


 

(i). Establish a quantitative universal reference for the US kidney images (ii). Implement image retrieval in medical application (IRMA) system (iii). Make comparative study on images for better decision making (iv). Develop an expert system that automatically recognizes the extent of pathology or normality (v). Examine extent of healing or failure under post-therapy postobservation

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Sample US kidney Images

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig.1 a. Normal image of male with age 38 years, b. Medical renal diseases image of male with age 45 years and c. Cortical polycystic disease image of female with age 51 years.

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Material and Methods



Image Data Collection



Two types of scanning systems namely ATL HDI 5000 curvilinear probe with transducer frequency of 5 6 MHz and WiproGE LOGIC 400 curvilinear probe with transducer frequency of 3 5 MHz. The longitudinal cross section of the kidney is taken by fixing the transducer frequency at 4 MHz. In each class 50 images are obtained. In total 150 images are pre-processed prebefore feature extraction. The necessary care has been taken to preserve the shape, size and gray-level graydistribution as it obliterates the sonographic content of information.

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Material and Methods



Image Pre-processing PreSegmentation by higher order spline interpolation after upupsampling of distributed coordinate Rotation to zero degree axis Retaining the pixel of interest

Kidney Characterization

Estimation of Content Descriptive Features

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Material and Methods



Image Pre-processing Pre-

Input US kidney image

i-HSIC segmentation

Image rotation to zero degree reference axis

Unbounded pixel elimination

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Material and Methods



Feature Extraction


First order gray level statistical features Second order gray level statistical features Algebraic moment invariants features MultiMulti-scale differential features Power spectral features Dominant Gabor wavelet features

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Material and Methods



Feature Extraction


First order gray level statistical features

mean (M1), dispersion (M2), variance (M3), average energy (M4), skewness (M5), kurtosis (M6), median (M7) and mode (M8)

Second order gray level statistical features

energy (E), entropy (H), correlation (C), inertia (In) and homogeneity (L)

Algebraic moment invariants features

eight RST invariant features
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

and

5/ 1

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Material and Methods



Feature Extraction


MultiMulti-scale differential features

two principal curvature features namely isophote (N) and flowline (T) are computed. From these values of N and T, a set of MSDFs are then determined, namely, the mean (Nmean; Tmean), maximum (Nmax; Tmax) and minimum (Nmin; Tmin)

Power spectral features

R W 6T 6TW 6TRW 6TRW 6T W 6TRW six power spectral features denoted by and are estimated at the specific cut-off frequencies in the spectrum and by cutconsidering global mean total power.
1 2

12

12

1d

1d

Dominant Gabor wavelet features

Out of 30 Gabor wavelets, a unique Dominant Gabor Wavelet is determined by estimating the similarity metrics between original and reconstructed Gabor image. The Gabor features mn, mn and AADmn are then evaluated using Dominant Gabor Wavelet

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Decision Support System For Kidney Classification

Hybrid fuzzy-neural system fuzzy-

All 36 Input feature vector Ij Fuzzification fj

. . . .

If Xn/ 2 No Initiate Optimized MBPN

Yes NR

MRD CC

Fuzzy rules FIS

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Decision Support System For Kidney Classification

WHILE Input- testdata InputFUZZIFY the testdata INITIALIZE a variable NORM_Count to zero DESIGN inference rules FOR all inference rules, IF rule is true THEN increment NORM_Count by 1 END IF FIX x to be a number not less than half the total number of rules IF NORM_Count>=x THEN display NR ELSE SIMULATE the trained MBPN with the test data DISPLAY MRD or CC based on the simulated output END IF END WHILE

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Decision Support System For Kidney Classification



The imprecision of the input feature values are defined by fuzzy numbers that lies between 1 and 10 via normalization. The fuzzy sets are defined with fuzzy number expressed by linguistic variables minimum (A), medium (B) and maximum (C). The fuzzy set A includes fuzzy numbers in the range 0 3.35, B contains 3.36 6.65 and C consists of 6.66 10. The fuzzy rules for all 36 features are linguistic and of if then constructions that have the general form,

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Decision Support System For Kidney Classification

if [(fij is A) and (fij is B)] or [(fij is B) and (fij is C)] or [(fij is A) and (fij is C)] then Cp . . . . if [Cp is X] then NR

Here i indicates rule, j refers to feature, Cp is the count and X is the number of count. i j If Cp is reaches the value X, the fuzzy system outputs the category as NR

Details of Fuzzy Rules and Count Set S.No. 1. Features All 36 features Number of Rules 10 Count X 5

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Decision Support System For Kidney Classification

Detail of MBPN architecture parameters fixed for Fuzzy neural system S.No. 1. 2. 3. MBPN architectural issues Learning Rate ( ) Momentum ( ) Threshold Value (Th) Selected design factors 0.3 0.002 MBPN-ANN : 0.35 for NR; > 0.35and 0.75 for MBPNMRD; > 0.75 for CC FuzzyFuzzy-neural : 0.5 for MRD and > 0.5 for CC LOGSIG at the hidden layer and PURELIN at the output layer 1 50 36 1 0.001 100000

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Activation function Hidden layer Number of hidden units Input layer Output layer Mean Square Error (Hmax) Number of iterations

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Verification For Unconstraint Behavior



The classification efficiency achieved with proposed fuzzyfuzzy-neural system is appreciable, But the important issue that has to be investigated is to study the dependency of features on kidney area


Longitudinal cross section of kidney obtained for subjects varies due to variation in position and orientation of transducer probe placed on the body surface As the feature values depend on the gray level intensity distribution of pixels, the change in kidney area may influence the feature value and hence mislead decision making Requirement of the CAD system is, the estimated features must be independent of kidney area and unconstraint in making decision regarding the kidney category.

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Verification For Unconstraint Behavior

Pre-processed US kidney images showing variation in kidney area. a. normal male subject with age 38 years b. normal male subject with age 43 years c. MRD male subject with age 54 years d. MRD female subject with age 61 years e. CC male subject with age 49 years f. CC female subject with age 57 years

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Verification For Unconstraint Behavior

In general the kidney area varies between :
  

15256 and 33246 for NR images 11434 and 21112 for MRD 16541 and 28943 for CC

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Verification For Unconstraint Behavior



Three statistical measures are used to verify the dependency



F-test is performed which returns the one-tailed probability p onewhich notify that the variances of one data set and other are not significantly different Pearson product moment correlation coefficient rP is estimated to understand the extent of linear relationship between kidney area and a feature Sixth order polynomial regression analysis is performed to calculate the R2 - value between two data sets

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Results
Classification efficiency obtained with MBPN-ANN and Fuzzy-Neural system for 36 MBPNFuzzyfeatures
Training Time (in sec) MBPNMBPNANN FuzzyFuzzyNeural Average Test Time (in sec) MBPNMBPNANN 0.0186 15.58 11.66 0.0184 0.0179 FuzzyFuzzyNeural 0.0121 0.0134 0.0132 Classification Efficiency (%) MBPNMBPNANN 76.92 73.07 76.92 FuzzyFuzzyNeural 83.31 80.46 87.31

Kidney Category

No. of training images 50 50 50

No. of test images 26 26 26

NR MRD CC

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Results
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Statistical measure for the features to verify unconstraint behavior with respect to kidney area
Features M1 M2 M3 First order gray level statistical features M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 E Second order gray level statistical features In H L C Statistical measures considered F-test p- value 2.63E2.63E-164 1.78E1.78E-211 7.446E7.446E-28 3.802E3.802E-05 1.143E1.143E-08 1.97E1.97E-143 2.68E2.68E-160 9.54E9.54E-154 3.09E3.09E-269 6.30E6.30E-305 1.51E1.51E-259 1.11E1.11E-292 2.69E2.69E-306 rP -0.2088 0.0648 0.0350 -0.2342 0.1395 -0.0740 -0.1078 -0.2812 0.2304 0.7154 -0.0431 0.1413 0.5428 R2 value 0.1241 0.1384 0.0268 0.1477 0.0663 0.0947 0.1478 0.1301 0.1002 0.5562 0.1233 0.3049 0.3518

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Results
S.No. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
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Statistical measure for the features to verify unconstraint behavior with respect to kidney area
Statistical measures considered Features F-test p- value
1 2

rP 0.2673 0.1726 0.5764 0.1673 -0.2776 0.2991 -0.2061 -0.3273 0.1352 0.2399 -0.3128 -0.0650 0.2641 -0.1931

R2 value 0.1971 0.2954 0.2897 0.1759 0.2328 0.1347 0.2398 0.2372 0.2033 0.1972 0.1124 0.2739 0.2294 0.2069
22

9.78E9.78E-302 4.23E4.23E-251 7.82E7.82E-232 2.28E2.28E-129 1.04E1.04E-253 1.66E1.66E-239 4.17E4.17E-164 5.00E5.00E-208 1.82E1.82E-285 2.78E2.78E-183 1.25E1.25E-244 3.78E3.78E-186 2.46E2.46E-199 1.18E1.18E-193

Algebraic moment invariant features

3 4 5 6 7 5/ 1

Nmean MultiMulti-scale Gaussian differential features Nmax Nmin Tmean Tmax Tmin

Results
S.No. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

Statistical measure for the features to verify unconstraint behavior with respect to kidney area
Features
W1

Statistical measures considered F-test p- value PT 1.66E-60 2.51E-49 1.67E-58 2.65E-86 2.98E-62 1.06E-71 7.31E-174 3.76E-168 2.15E-193 rP 0.1207 0.0269 0.1008 0.0772 0.1326 0.1453 -0.1604 -0.1835 -0.2411 R2 value 0.1058 0.1891 0.1365 0.1273 0.0236 0.1433 0.1230 0.1359 0.1587

PT 2 Power spectral features P T W12 P T W12 P T W1 d

R4 P T W1 d
D Q mn

R1

R2

R3

Gabor features

D W mn
D AADmn

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Conclusion


A reliable method for diagnosing and classifying the US kidney images is developed and implemented using first order statistical and algebraic moment invariant features These features highly depict the characteristic of kidney and shows promising performance in classification of kidney images as normal, medical renal diseases and cortical cyst Most of the features are independent to kidney area variations The developed method not only helps in classification also extends its potential in realization of automated CAD system.

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References
[1] Hagen, S L, 4th eds. 1995. Urinary System, In: Diagnostic Ultrasonagraphy. Reading: St.Louis Mosby. [2] Anant Madabhushi.; and Dimitris N.; and Mctaxas. 2003. Combining Low-, High-Level and empirical Domain Knowledge for Automated Segmentation of Ultrasonic Breast Lesions. IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, Vol. 22, No.2: 155-169. [3] J.Ravell.; M.Mirmehdi.; and D.McNally. Applied Review of Ultrasound Image Feature Extraction Methods. 2002. In Proc. of 6th Medical Image Understanding and Analysis Conference, 173176. A Houston and R.Zwiggelaar, Editors, BMVA Press. [4] Sheng-Fang Huang, Ruey-Feng Chang, Dar-Ren Chen and Woo Kyung Moon, Characterization of Speculation on Ultrasound Lesions, IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 111121, 2004. [5] Bakker J, Olree M, Kaatee R, de Lange E.E, and Beck R.J.A, Invitro Measurement of Kidney Size: Comparison of Ultrasonography and MRI, Ultrasound in Med. Biol., Vol. 24, No.5, pp. 683 688, 1997. [6] Matre K, Stokke E.M, Martens D and Gilija O.H., Invitro Estimation of Kidneys Using 3-D Ultrasonography and a Position Sensor, Eur. J. Ultrasound, Vol.10, pp. 6573. 1999. [7] Marcos Martin-Fernandez and Carlos Alberola-Lopez, An Approach for Contour Detection of Human Kidneys from Ultrasound Images using Markov Random Fields and Active Contours, Med. Image Analysis, Vol.9, pp. 123, 2005. [8] Jun Xie, Yifeng Jiang and Hung-tat Tsui, Segmentation of kidney from ultrasound images based on texture and shape priors, IEEE Trans. on Med. Imaging, Vol.24, No.1, pp. 4557, 2005. [9] Lin D.T., Lei C.C. and Hund S.W., Computer-Aided Kidney Segmentation on Abdominal CT Images, IEEE Trans. on Inf. Tech. in Biomed., Vol.10, No.1, pp. 5965, 2006. [10] A.Eslami, M.Jahed and M.Naroienejad, Fully Automated Cyst Segmentation in Ultrasound Image of Kidney, Proc. 3rd IASTED Intl. Conf. on Biomedical Engineering, Austria, PaperID -19418, 2005.

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References
[11] K.Bommanna Raja, M.Madheswaran and K.Thyagarajah, A General Segmentation Scheme for Contouring Kidney Region in Ultrasound Kidney Images using Improved Higher Order Spline Interpolation, Intl. J. of Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 2, No.2, pp. 8188, 2007. [12] Ahmadian A., Mostafa A., Abolhassani M.D. and Salimpour Y, A Texture Classification Method for Diffused Liver Diseases using Gabor Wavelets, IEEE Proc. on 27th Annual Intl. Conf. of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 1567 1570, 2005. [13] K.Bommanna Raja, M.Madheswaran and K.Thyagarajah, Ultrasound Kidney Image Analysis for Computerized Disorder Identification and Classification using Content Descriptive Power Spectral Features, Journal of Medical Systems, Vol. 31, pp. 307317, 2007. [14] K.Bommanna Raja, M.Madheswaran and K.Thyagarajah, Evaluation of Tissue Characteristics of Kidney for Diagnosis and Classification using First Order Statistics and RTS invariants, IEEE Proc. of Intl. Conf. on Signal Processing, Comm. and Networking, MIT, Chennai, Vol. 1, pp. 483487, 2007. [15] K.Bommanna Raja, M.Madheswaran and K. Thyagarajah, Analysis of Ultrasound Kidney Images using Content Descriptive Multiple Features for Disorder Identification and ANN based Classification, IEEE Proc. of Intl. Conf. on Computing: Theory and Applications, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkatta, Vol. 1, pp. 382388, 2007. [16] K. Bommanna Raja, M.Madheswaran and K. Thyagarajah, Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of US Kidney Images for Disorder Classification using Multi-scale Differential Features, ICGST Intl. J. on Bio Informatics and Medical Engg., Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 18, 2007. [17] K.Bommanna Raja, M.Madheswaran and K.Thyagarajah, Analysis of Ultrasound Kidney Images for Disorder Identification and Classification using Dominant Gabor Wavelet (DoM-GW), Machine Vision and Applications Journal, Manuscript ID MVA-Apr-07-0060, Communicated, 2007. [18] K.Bommanna Raja, M.Madheswaran and K.Thyagarajah, A Hybrid Fuzzy-Neural System for Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Ultrasound Kidney Images using Prominent Features, Journal of Medical Systems, Manuscript ID JOMS 135R1, accepted, available on-line, 2007.

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K.Bommanna Raja
Centre for Research and Development Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

PSNA College of Engineering and Technology

Dindigul 624 622, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Tel:91-451-2554417, E-mail:bommanna_raja@yahoo.com Tel:91-451-2554262, E-mail:contact@psnacet.org

M.Madheswaran
Centre for Advanced Research Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Muthayammal College of Engineering

Rasipuram 637 408, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Tel:91-4287-22683, E-mail: madhi_eswaran@yahoo.co.in

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