Shafts, bearings, flywheel, governors

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Power transmission shafts and Axles Keys Bush and ball bearings Flywheel Governors

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Shafts transmits power Supports pulley, gears Takes bending and torsion load Ex, shaft between engine and rear wheels Rear wheel drive shaft

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Axle takes only bending Axle does not transmit power Ex Front wheel connecting axle, rail road

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Connect shaft with coupling Connect shaft with pulley Types

Sunk keys: fit in both shafts
x x x x x x Parallel key Taper key Gib head key Feather key Woodruf key Round key

Saddle keys: fit in only one shaft

x Flat key x Hollow key

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Rectangular or square Mostly used for gears and pulley

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Has 1:100 taper Tightly holds the connecting parts No relative movement

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Taper key with head Head makes insertion/removal easy

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Permits axial movement Transmits rotational motion Used in drilling machines and clutches

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Allows any taper in mating part Machine tools and automobile

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Simplest to manufacture Medium loading condition

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Support long shafts For shaft to rotate freely Reduce friction at joints Types
Journal bearings Foot step bearings Thrust bearings

Journal bearings
Bearing pressure perpendicular to shaft Takes sideward/radial load shaft

Pivot bearing
Load parallel to shaft Takes axial load

Thrust/collar bearing
Has collars to take axial load

Solid bearings
Simplest Oil hole for lubrication

Low speed and light weight

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Has bush of brass and gun metal Lesser friction Bush fixed in bearing Bush can be easily replaced Suitable at shaft ends Open bearing
Easy for refitting Suitable at shat midway too Essential for crank shaft

Supports self aligning shafts

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Has minimum rolling friction Automobiles, machinery, home appliances etc Need least lubrication Can be used for various types of loads and mis alignment
Cage

Inner race Outer race

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Use rollers instead of balls Has line contact instead of point Used for heavy loads

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Can be used to take axial thrust in one direction Rollers are tapered

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Can take axial thrust Used for load in shaft direction

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Has spherical rollers. Permits angular misalignment Inner cage can rotate in any direction with respect to outer case

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It stores energy from prime mover Release energy when needed by machine Stores energy in form of inertia of rotation mass Reduce load fluctuation Reduce prime mover capacity Applications
I C engine Punching press

Formulae ??? How much energy it stores ???

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Regulates output power of engine by regulating the fuel supply Controls variation of load On load variation, it maintains engine speed within a limit Load increase speed decrease governor will increase fuel supply engine speed increase And vice versa for load decrease Prevent overspeeding

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Centrifugal governor
Balls attached to arm rotates Causes centrifugal forces Speed increase will increase centrifugal force So balls rotate in and out with speed variation This movement will control fuel supply Watt, porter, proell, hartnell governors

Inertia governor
Work on principle of inertia change Rate of change of velocity causes the correction force

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Simplest type Used at low speeds Height is inversely proportional to w^2. so change is height is low at high speed Derive force balance formula

Need lesser mass

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Modified watt governor with central mass Still h is proportional to 1/w2, mass limits this dependency

Modified porter governor with different mass arrangement Need less mass

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Replace mass with spring Spring has less weight Spring load can be adjusted also for changing the load setting

Quantities to consider
Sensitivity Stability Effort or power

Sensitivity
= speed difference/mean speed =(N1 N2)/N N = mean speed = (N1 + N2)/N More sensitive governor responds to small change in speed Is sensitivity good?

stability
Governor should have only one radius of rotation at equilibrium

Isochronism
Governor is isochronous it has only one equilibrium speed for all radii In has infinite sensitivity

Hunting
When speed changes, governor goes up and down before getting stable More sensitivity, more hunting

Governor effort
Average force of sleeve for given % change in speed. Average of force at N1 and N2

power of governor
Work done on sleeve for given % change in speed = effort * displacement

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Flywheel Reduce cyclic variation in speed due to difference in input and output during a cycle Stores excess energy as Kinetic energy as speed of wheel Acts continuously in each cycle (a cycle can be of many revolutions)

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Governor maintain overall engine speed when load varies

No energy storing. Controls speed by regulating fuel supply Acts only when there is load change