POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON PROTECTION

BY K.P.KRISHNARAJENDRA SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER,EL., R.T.CIRCLE, KPTCL,BANGALORE

Mobile No. 9448350000

PROTECTION: Accountability and Reliability: Accountability and Reliability of Power Generated, Transmitted and Distributed plays an important role in the field of power system while supplying power to all corner consumers.

Accountability: Measuring of Power at all levels to know the quantum of Generation, Energy transmitted and consumed. Magnitude of energy at Generation and Transmission level is high and cannot be measured directly.

 Hence instrument Transformers like CTs and PTs are used. The secondary of these will be 1/1Amps and 110V. Current and Voltage Transformers: Different cores Different ratios.

Reliability: Some times the EHT/HT Lines / Transformers are disturbed due to faults. This will cause disturbance in power system and there is a chance of collapse of the system if the fault is not cleared. Hence proper protection system is a must.

Protection system: Protective relaying system detects such abnormal conditions in the system and gives trip command to the respective breakers to isolate faulty lines. The main inputs to the relays are Current, Current and Voltage, Breaker and Isolator status, input of all transformer mounted protection devices. These inputs are to be given as per the requirements.

Discrimination of protection: The protection scheme to be adopted is to be such that, it has to isolate only the faulty section. Fault at F is far from the source and there are number of supply points in between, due to this fault relays provided at all the points will sense the fault causing tripping of healthy lines.

 Such tripping can be avoided by discriminating fault locations. By Time By Current By Time and Direction

 Directional Relay: In the relay there will be one Voltage coil and One current coil and a disc in between the two coil cores. Due to current in the coils, flux will be induced, and the flux induced in the voltage coil will lag the voltage by 90deg and the flux induced in current coil will be in phase with current Due to these two fluxes Torque (T) will be produced and is proportional to these two fluxes and sin of the angle between them

 Both these fluxes are proportional to voltage and current respectively. Hence the Torque (T) produced is proportional to VI and cos of angle between them. So the Directional relays are proportional to the power in the circuit.

Type of protections adopted: 400kV Lines Main-1 and Main-II , both are distance relays with different characteristics. 220kV/110/66kV Lines Main1 is distance and Main-II DOCR & DEFR. 33kV Lines- DOCR and DEFR 11kV Lines OCR and EFR

 Power Transformers Differential, REF, OCR, EFR, BZ,OSR,PRV, WTHT, OTHT. 400kV stations- Both side Bus Bar and LBB protections 220kV stations Bus bar protection on 220kV side and LBB on 66kV side.

Backup protection: 50 Non directional Instantaneous Over Current Relay 50N - Non directional Instantaneous Earth Fault Relay 51 Non directional Time element Over Current Relay 51N - Non directional Time element Earth Fault Relay 67R/Y/B Directional Time element Over Current Relay 67N - Directional Time element EFR

 Local Breaker Backup(50Z) Differential (87) Restricted Earth fault(64) Bus Bar protection: Other Trip and Auxiliary relays: Tripping relay - 86 ,96,186, 196,etc. TCSR - 195 , 295, 395,etc. DC supervision relays 80A, 80B Over Voltage and Under Voltage relays

Backup OCR and EFR OCR setting range 50 to 200% in steps of 25% EFR setting range 10 to 40% in steps of 5% or 20 to 80% in steps of 10%

Distance Protection ( 21) Different Zones Carrier protection Broken conductor Fuse failure protection SOTF Line Differential Protection:

Differential protection: REF Protection: Checking Buchholtz relay Pressure relief device Fire protection scheme Bus Bar protection: LBB(Local breaker back up) protection

Parallel operation of Transformers. Conditions to be satisfied for paralleling of 2 or more transformers: Same steps of voltages Same impedance Same vector group

Parallel operation of 2 transformers of differenct capacity: T-1 150MVA with 10% impedance T-2 100MVA with 8% impedance Taking 100MVA as base MVA % impedance of T1 = 10*100/150 = 6.7%

T1-6.7% T2- 8%

Total MVA = 250 MVA Load sharing by T-1 = 250*8/14.7 = 136 MVA Load sharing by T-2 = 250*6.7/14.7=114 MVA The load on T-2 is to be limited to 100MVA only To avoid overloading of T-2, the load that can be taken on T-1 has to be limited to 119MVA only. Thus with different impedances, the total load will be restricted to 88% only. As per the loading factor, the relay settings are to be made for over current relays.

 2*100MVA paralleling: Paralleling of two 100MVA transformers of 12% and 9% impedance. Load sharing of T1=200*9/21 =86MVA Load sharing of T2=200*12/21=114MVA Load on T2 to be limited to 100MVA only. The total load that can be catered without overloading transformer T2 will be 75+100 = 175MVA, which will be 88% of total capacity.

 ON LOAD TAP CHANGER

Tap changer winding will be provided on HV side of the transformer. There will be Main winding and the regulatory winding. Normally there are 17 taps in the OLTC with tap 5 as normal and 9 as mid tap. At minimum tap Main winding and the total regulatory winding will be in circuit with additive polarity. As the system voltage reduces, tap position is to be raised.

 As the tap is increased, some turns of regulatory winding will be excluded from the circuit. The polarity of the main winding and the regulatory winding will be of additive nature. At tap 9, only main winding will be in circuit. When the tap position is 10, some regulatory winding will be in the circuit and the polarity of the regulatory winding will be in opposite direction to that of the main winding.

 At maximum tap(17), polarity of entire regulatory winding will be opposite to the main winding. Vp/Vs = Np/Ns Vs = Vp*Ns/Np. Since Ns is constant, Vs is proportional to ratio of primary voltage to primary turns. Vs Vp/Np Hence when primary voltage Vp decreases or increases, Np is to be decreased or increased proportionately.

Reactive Power Management: Assume 60MW load flow with 24MVAR MVA power 64.62 with current 565A If 25% of MVAR is compensated, MVA flow will be 62.6 with current 548A. I2R loss savings = 303.6-285.3 = 18.3 KW for a line of 5KM length with R=0.19/KM Savings in I2R Loss per year =18.3*24*30*12=158112Kwh

 When 25% of MVAR is compensated, additional load of 2MW can also be catered at 565Amps. Total units for 2MW additional load per year = 2000*24*30*12 = 17280000. Even at the rate of Rs.3/unit, Total additional revenue = 5.2 crore.

 For 50% reactive compensation of 12MVAR, additional load that can be catered will be 3.5MW and the annual revenue will be 9.1 crores. Hence at all the voltage levels action is to be taken to compensate reactive power.

 Consider 20MW load at 0.85pf MVAR drawn at different pf PF MVA MVAR MVAR Savings in improvement MVA 0.54 1.06 1.31 -

0.85 23.53 12.40 0.87 22.29 11.33 0.89 22.47 10.25 0.90 22.22 9.65

1.10 8.7% 2.15 17% 2.71 22%

 If Savings in MVA is supplied to load of 0.9PF MVA MW MVAR Savings in MU Savings at Rs3/- in crores

0.54 0.486 12.40 4.20 1.06 0.954 11.33 8.25 1.31 1.179 10.25 10.20

1.26 2.48 3.06

 By improving the pf to 0.9 from 0.85, the energy savings for 20MW load will be 10.2MU in a year. If such savings is made in 12 stations, the total savings will be 122MU The average per day consumption of the state is 120MU. So by improving the pf from 0.85 to 0.90 in 12 stations, energy for an additional one day can be catered. The savings in terms of rupee at Rs3/Kwh will be 36.72 crores per year.

 Battery set charging: Filling of electrolyte to all the cells as per supplier recommendations. Allow the cells to stand for 8-12Hrs. Record SG and Voltage of each cell. Start initial charging at the rate of 6% AH of current. Hourly readings of SG and voltage are to be recorded while charging . Charge the cells for a minimum time of 50Hrs,till the SG & Voltage are constant for 3 consecutive hrs.

 Allow the cells to stand for 8-12 Hrs. Start discharging of Battery set at the rate of 10%AH for 10Hrs. During discharge the voltage of each cell should not drop below 1.85V. Record SG and Voltage before starting 2nd cycle of charging. Start second cycle of charging similar to 1st cycle for a minimum period of 30Hrs. Hourly readings are to be recorded. Allow the cells to stand for 8-12Hrs.

 Start discharging of Battery set at the rate of 10%AH (30Amps for 300AH)for 10Hrs. During discharge the voltage of each cell should not drop below 1.85V. Record SG and Voltage after discharge. Again charge the Battery set in Boost mode. During charging, if the temperature of the cells exceeds 50 deg, current is to be reduced and such reduction in current is to be compensated by extending the time.

 Checking of Healthiness of Battery Set: Select some of the cells as pilot cells. Record SG and voltage of pilot cells and the l DC load voltage. Switch off AC supply to Battery charger. Record the pilot cells readings and DC load voltage at 30 minutes interval. If there is no change in the readings for 8 to 10 hours, the Battery set is in good condition. This test is to be carried out once in 3 or 6 months.

 Recording of instantaneous parameters of all IF points and cross checking. I1 I2 I3 V1 V2 V3 Load PF Cross check Load = 3VI*PF Monthly Energy consumption at all voltage levels is to be done and the error , if any, is to be recorded only in percentage.

 When any breaker is taken for maintenance, trip the breaker through relays and also check for remote/local operations before charging. All maintenance works carried out are to be entered in a register.

 Reading of Drawings Wiring Schedule A- Current circuit for primary protection B- Current circuit for Bus bar protection C- Current circuit for Backup protection D- Current circuit for metering circuit.
E- Voltage circuit. J- Main DC K- Control DC

 L- DC supply for indication and annunciation circuit. P- DC supply for Bus bar and LBB protection. U- Spare contact wiring. H- Main Ac supply and control AC supply for lighting and heating. M- AC control supply for motor circuit.

 Recording of Interruption and its advantages. Checking of Battery set & Battery Charger. Checking of DC Ground

CASE STUDIES:

 Failure of 11kV PT at Adugodi.  Damage to control cables during 11kV feeder faults.  Tripping of 20MVA Transformer on Differential at HAL factory.  Non-tripping of Breaker for line fault  Tripping of Transformers on BZ during winter.

 Tripping of Healthy 11kV lines on HS when test charged.  Differential trip relay operated indication and annunciation frequently at HSR.  Tripping of Transformers on Differential/REF for external faults.  Tripping of 220kV breaker at HSR without any relay indication.

Relay Co-ordination:
Following points are to be considered.

 CT ratio used  Fault MVA at each voltage level  Current setting adopted  Time delay to be adopted.  Curve selected  Relay operating time

Calculation of fault MVA of a station:  Assume fault MVA of 66kV bus at sending end station as 1000MVA  Line length as 8KMs with impedance of line as 0.2ohms/KM  20MVA Transformer with 10% impedance.

Source impedance Zs = 662/1000=4.36 Line Impedance ZL = 0.2*8 = 1.6 Total impedance Z = 4.36+1.6= 5.96 Fault MVA f 66kVBus = 662/5.96 = 731MVA 66kV Fault current = 731*1000/(1.72*66) = 6400Amps.

Source impedance Zs = 662/731= 5.96 Tfr.Impedance ZT = 0.1*66/20=21.78 Total impedance ZHV = 5.96+21.78= 27.74 Impedance referred to 11kV side ZLV = ZHV *KVLV2/ KVHV2 = 27.74*112/662 = 0.771 11kV fault MVA = 112/0.771 = 157MVA 11kV Fault current = 157*1000/(1.72*11) = 8240Amps.

Relay co-ordination: 11kV fault MVA = 157 11kV fault current = 8.24 KA If referred to 66kV fault = 1.37 KA
SEL I Line Tfr. Bank 400/1 400/1 200/1 100% 0.2 100% 0.15 3.43 3.43 5.5 1100ms 5.5 825ms 3.6 450ms 3.6 360ms 2.2 110ms

100% 0.125 6.87 6.87 20.6

1200/1 100% 0.1 100% 0.05

Feeder 400/1

For Incoming line and 20MVA transformer 75% of the setting is sufficient. SEL I Line Tfr. Bank 400/1 400/1 200/1 100% 0.1 75% 75% 0.1 0.1 3.43 4.60 9.16 5.5 550ms 4.3 430ms 3.0 300ms 3.6 270ms

1200/1 100% 0.075 6.87 100% 0.05

Feeder 400/1

20.60 2.2 110ms

 For 66kV fault If = 6400 Amps

SEL

400/1 100 %

0.1

16 21.3 42.7

2.4 2.2

240ms 220ms

I Line 400/1 75% 0.1 Tfr 200/1 75% 0.1

<2.0 <200ms

Power Transformers Testing: Ratio test IR test Short Circuit Test Winding Resistance test Magnetic Balance test Magnetizing current test Checking vector group No load test Load loss test

 Separate source test Induced over voltage test HV excitation test. Transformers protections: All transformer mounted devices. Fire protection scheme.

Station Equipments & P.C.tests CTs and PTs: IR Test Polarity test Ratio Test Breakers: IR Test Contact Resistance Operating Timings Breaker Operations.

Control & Relay Panel Checking of all Relays Checking of Protection Scheme Checking of Indication Scheme Checking of Annunciation Scheme Isolators: Contact Resistance Control Indication

 Wiring schedule of 20MVA, 66/11kV Power transformer

TFR. BANK

ACDB

CTMB

CRP

PTMB DCDB

CB

Thank you

 Calculation of Fault MVA of a station:

400kV RS 220kV RS Tfr-1 66kV Lines

220kV Bus

220kV Bus

Tfr-2

66kV Bus

Assume Fault MVA on 220kV Bus of 400kV station as 6000MVA Source Impedance at 400kV station Zs=kV*kV/MVA = 220*220/6000 = 8.07 ohms

 Let the Impedance of the line is 2.5 ohms/KMs. Impedance of the line of 20KMs is 50 ohms Total Impedance up to 220kV bus at 220kV station = 8.07 +50.0 = 58.0 ohms Fault MVA at 220kV bus of 220kV station = 220*220/58.0 = 835 MVA Assume 2 nos. of 20MVA Transformers and % Impedance of each transformer = 10% Impedance of the Transformer = (10/100)*220*220/20 = 48.4ohms

Total impedance up to Transformers = (58.0 + 48.4/2) = 82.2 ohms Impedance referred on to 66kV side = ZHV (kVLV*KVLV/KVHV*KVHV) = 82.2 (66*66/220*220) = 7.4 ohms Fault MVA on 66kV side = 66*66/7.4=592MVA Fault current = 592 *1000/1.732x66 = 5178 Amps. Taking fault MVA as reference, relay settings of the station are calculated

 For 3 seconds curve, the approximate time multiplier details are shown below.
I x Times Time Multiplier I x Times Time Multiplier

2 Times 4 Times 5 Times 6 Times 7 Times

10.0 5.0 4.2 3.8 3.6

8 Times 3.4 9 Times 3.2 10 Times 3.0 20 Tomes 2.2

 Pickup current (Ip) = Rated Secondary current of CT x current setting If CT secondary is 1 Amps For 100% setting Ip = 1 x 1 = 1Amps Relay operates at current = or < 1 Amps Plug setting multiplier (PSM) and is ratio of fault current If in the relay to Ipickup PSM = If/Ip Assume If = 3200 A and CTR 400/1A If = 3200/400 = 8 Amps PSM = 8/1Amps For time set of 0.1, the operating time 3.4x0.1=0.34

 Relay Co-ordination:
400/1 400/1 200/1 1200/1 20MVA-10%

CB 66kV

CB

Bank 11kV

Assume fault level of 66kV = 600MVA Source Impedance Zs = 66*66/600 = 7.26 ohms Transformer impedance Zt=(10/100)(66*66/20) = 21.78 ohms Total impedance Z = 7.26 + 21.78 = 29.04 ohms Impedance referred to 11kV = 29.04(11*11/66*66) = 0.807 ohms

11kV Feeders

Fault MVA on 11kV side = 11*11/0.807=150MVA Fault current If = 150x1000/1.732x11 = 7880Amps Fault current referred to 66kV = 7880/6= 1312Amps Secondary fault current (PSM) 11kV Feeder = 7880/400 = 19.7Amps t 0.05S Bank = 7880/1200 = 6.57Amps t 0.10S Transformer = 1312/200 = 6.57Amps t 0.15S I/C Line = 1312/400 = 3.3 Amps t 0.20S As per the curve operating time required by the relays 0.11S 0.35S 0.53S 1.6S Here we can reduce the time delay of incoming line either to 0.15 or even 0.1S.

 If CTs of transformers are of 300/1A,for the same settings the secondary fault current will be (1312/300 ) 4.4 Amps and the operating time required for the relay is 0.6S and the same can be accepted. If the current setting is kept at 75%, Ip will be 0.75A and the PSM will be 26.3,8.8, 8.8 and 4.4 respectively. The operating time will be <0.1S, 0.32S, 0.48 S and 1.0 S

 Other wise the current setting is to be changed to 0.75 for which the relay operating time will be 0.8S. With the above details, blind time delay coordination can not be adopted If CTs of line are changed to 300/1A from 400/1A, with 100% setting, the fault current will be (1312/300) 4.4A and the relay operating time will be about 0.8S and the time
delay of 0.2S is OK.

Breakers: Interlocks used in breakers Antipumping Pole discrepancy trip CTD

TO REMOTE CONTROL PANEL FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTRON

AUTO REMOTE RECLOSE CLOSE K3 K1 TB1-5 TB1-3
PROTE -CTION REMOTE TRIP TRIP

POST CLOSE

IC TB1-6
K7

K23 K21 TB1 TB1-9 -8

TRIP PROTE REMOTE-CTION CKT TB1 SUP TRIP TRIP -10 K41 K51 K53 K55 K61 K27 TB1 TB1 TB1 TB1 -15 -11 -12 -13 TB1 -14
PRE CLOSE PRE CLOSE
43LR REMOTE

AUTO RECLOSE RECLOSE LOCKOUT CONT 01 TBI-35

CCB LOCKOUT INDICATION L9 TBI-23

K3 TBN1-4 K3

43LR REMOTE 43LR LOCAL K5 T N C

43LR REMOTE 43LR LOCAL K25 11-52 CLOSE T -52 N TRIP C

POST CLOSE

43LR LOCAL

63AR

63AGX

(+) J1 TB1-1

8D J3 K9 52a 52Y K11 52b K13

52Y 52C

J3

DCC DCC

J31 TBI-36 02 63CL J5 TBI-16 L1 63AL J7

63 AGX

PB 36D1 J21 J23

R1

TBI-24 L10

K23 63AGX DCC K27 PB L

52T1

63AGX K55 52a 52b 52b K57

52T2

ALARM CONTACTS TBI-18 TBI-20 L3 L5 LOW AIR PRESSURE LOW OIL LEVEL TBI-25 TBI-21 L13 L11 DC FAIL INDICATION

110VDC

J25 DCC J27 E2 71C J29 52b

52a K29

52A J9
DCC

52B J11
GL

(-) TB1-2 J2

RL

63CA

63AA

J4 COMPRESSOR MOTOR CONTROL CIRCUIT

630A

DCC

ACF RY

TB1-33 TB1-35 415VAC 50HZ TB1-40

H1

8A

M1 ACF - RY M3 ACF - YB M5
88 ACM

88ACM M1A 49M 88ACM M3A 49M 88ACM M5A 49M

M7

L2 TBI-17

L4 TBI-19

L14 L7 L6 L12 TBI-21 TBI-22 TBI-26 TBI-28 DC FIALURE ANNUCIATION TBI-29 L15 TBI-32 L18 AC FAIL INDICATION

H3

M9

ACM

H5

M11

SPARE AUX S W 52a 52a-10 NOS 52b-10 NOS 1 15 17 19 1 5 7 9 11 13 29 27 TB2 11 13 25 15 17 19 21 23 BD

TB1-41

H2

ACF YB

63AG

MI3A 49M-1 TT

M13

L16 L17 TBI-17 TBI-17 TB2 12 2 14 4 16 6 18 8 26 28 11 20 22 24 16 18 20 10 12 14

L19 TBI-17

(P) H5 TB1-40

8SH

SPACE HEATER/RECEPTACLE/ ILLUMINATION LAMP CONTROL CKT H7 H15 SW-1 223K H13 IL SH 50 EARTHING SW-2

TB2

23 35 37 39 21 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 49 51 53 39 41 43 45 47

240V, AC 50HZ

(N) H2 TB1-41

H4 TB2 36 22 38 24 40 26 42 28 44 30 46 32 48 34 50 36 52 38 54 40

AC SAIL INDICATION

LOW CAS PRESSURE

FROM ZONE D8 110V DC SUPPLY FROM SHT. 9 K301 TRAFO. MK 7B7.14 63T B33 X 3 WD: H408W1352
30A

FROM ZONE D5 110V DC SUPPLY K302 B33 X 3 WD: H408W1352

K302

K301

TB7.15 K351 7 TB7.16 K353 8 TB7.17 K355 9

7B7.18 63T-OLTC TB7.19 10

30B

TRAFO. BUCH. TRIP TO ZONE E1 TRAFO. WDG. TEMP HIGH TRIP TRAFO. OIL TEMP HIGH TRIP PRV-T

K357 7

30D

10
30E

OIL SURGE (OLTC)

TO ZONE E4

49WT

10
30C

TB7.20 K359 8 TB7.21 K361 9

10
30F

TRAFO. PRV TRIP

SPARE 10

490T

IC 10

L103 1

L135 2 13 14 19 20

TO ANNUN. CKT.

L103 1 2 13 14 19 20

L135

TO ANNUN. CKT.

TBB.1 TBB.3 TBB.5

U1 3 U3 15 U5 21 16 4

U2 TBB.2 U4 TBB.4 U6 22 TBB.6 SPARE

TBB.7 TBB.9 TBB.11

U7 3 U9 15 U11 21 16 4

U8 TBB.8 U10 TBB.10 SPARE

TBB.12 U12 22

K101 5

K103 6 17 18 23 24

TO ENERGISE 86 RELAY

K101 5

K103 6 17 18 23 24

TO ENERGISE 86 RELAY