SEISMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTUTRES

KAUSHIK CHATTERJEE DCE (CIVIL), NPCIL

Uncoupled Equations of motion unun-damped

Equation of motion of an un-damped MDOF system is Substituting from eq. (1), we get, Pre-multiplying by the transpose of the nth mode shape vector, Tn ,we get,

Uncoupled Equations of motion unun-damped

Now let us introduce new symbols as,

These are called the normal coordinate generalized mass, generalized stiffness and generalized load for mode n respectively.

Uncoupled Equations of motion unun-damped

Thus the eqn. of motion of the MDOF system can be written as, Which is a SDOF system equation of motion for mode n. We have learnt earlier that, Multiplying both sides by we get,

Uncoupled Equations of motion unun-damped

which can be written as, Thus we obtain an independent SDOF system equation for each mode of vibration of the structure.

Uncoupled Equations of motion unun-damped

Hence, a set of N simultaneous differential equations which are coupled by the off-diagonal terms in the mass and stiffness matrices, gets converted into a set of N independent normalcoordinates equations. The dynamic response can be obtained by solving separately for the response of each normal (modal) coordinate and then superposing these by eq. 1 to obtain the response in the original coordinates. This is called Modal Superposition Method.

Uncoupled Equations of motion damped

The damped eqn. of motion is, Normal coordinates transformation can be used to uncouple the damped equation of motion. Using eqn. (1) and pre-multiplying by the transpose of the nth mode shape vector, Tn ,we get, The orthogonality property causes all components except the nth mode term in the mass and stiffness expressions of the eqn. to vanish.

Uncoupled Equations of motion damped

If it is assumed that the corresponding orthogonality condition applies to the damping matrix also, then the above eqn. can be written as, Or,

Uncoupled Equations of motion damped

Where,

is the generalized damping ratio for mode n. n = cn/cc = cn/2Mn n

n

The normal coordinate generalized mass, stiffness and load are identical to those for the un-damped system.

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

Required to : Obtain time varying response of structures due to dynamic excitation. (Example Turbogenerator foundation subjected to dynamic machine load) Generate floor time history & corresponding floor response spectra at various floor levels of multistoried buildings, which are used to seismically qualify equipments located on that particular floor.

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

.

Ug

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

.

In case of seismic excitation of a MDOF system (say a multistoried building) the forces generated by the seismic excitation within the structural members are due to relative displacement between the stories. No external force is applied on the structure as such.

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

.

Hence the equation of motion of the said MDOF system will be The total displacement ut = {1}ug + u Where ug is ground displacement and u is the relative displacement The vector {1} expresses the fact that a unit static translation at the base of the structure produces directly a unit displacement at all DOFs

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

.

Hence Substituting this in the equation of motion, we get

As the negative sign on the RHS has no real significance in case of seismic analysis, it is omitted in the subsequent equations.

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

.

Applying the concept of generalized coordinates u= z and pre multiplying by we get the equation of motion in generalized coordinates as

Where, is called the Modal earthquake excitation factor

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

.

If the natural mode of vibration is the natural frequency of vibration is and the damping ratio is The equation of motion for the nth mode of vibration of the idealized multi-storey building can be expressed as

The ratio Ln/Mn is called Modal participation factor

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

The solution to this equation can be written in terms of the Duhamel integral (damped system)

Thus the modal displacement is

The contribution of the nth mode to displacement at jth floor is given by

the

, j=1, 2, 3, ., N

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

The deformation or drift in storey j is given by the difference of displacements of the floors above and below

Now find out the equivalent lateral force fn(t), which, if applied as static forces, would cause structural displacements un(t). Thus i.e.,

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

If we express the forces in terms of the mass matrix, then Thus, the equivalent force at jth floor, which causes lateral displacement ujn(t), is The inertial force in the structure can be determined by a static analysis, applying these equivalent lateral forces.

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

Then the earthquake response of the structure is obtained by combining the modal responses in all the modes of vibration. The total value of any response r(t), is the combination of the contribution of all the vibration modes to that response quantity

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

Response spectra is a plot of the maximum response of a series SDOF system having different natural frequencies, for a particular value of damping.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

As the response in each vibration mode can be modeled by the response of a SDOF system, the maximum response in the mode can be directly computed from the response spectra. In design Max. response, rather than response history is required.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

To evaluate the earthquake response of a MDOF system at any time: Evaluate the earthquake response integral at that time for each significant response mode. To evaluate the maximum response: Compute the modal response as before, for each time during the earthquake history, compare them and find the maximum response. ---- Time consuming calculation involved.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

Analysis based on ground motion response spectra comes as an alternative handy tool. For each individual mode of the structure, the maximum response can be obtained directly from the response spectra. The maximum response in nth mode can be expressed in terms of Sdn, Svn, and San which are the ordinates of the displacement, pseudo velocity and pseudo acceleration response spectra respectively, corresponding to the vibration period and damping ratio of the mode.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

The maximum modal displacement is The maximum displacement at the jth floor is The maximum drift in the jth storey is The maximum lateral force at the j-th floor is

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

The base shear is given by

Substituting the value of fjn, we get

The relation between Sdn, Svn, and San is

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

Steps involved: Determine the response spectrum for the ground motion if not already available. Compute mass and stiffness matrices m and k. Estimate modal damping ratios. Solve the eigen value problem to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

Compute the maximum response in individual modes of vibration by repeating the following steps: Corresponding to the period and damping ratio, read the ordinates Sdn, and San of the displacement and pseudo-acceleration response spectra of the ground motion. Compute floor displacements. Compute storey drifts from floor displacements.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

Compute equivalent lateral forces. Compute internal forces storey shears and moments by static analysis of the structure subjected to equivalent lateral forces. Determine an estimate of the maximum of any response (displacement of a floor, deformation in storey, shear or moment in a storey, etc.) by combining the modal maxima for the response quantity