MULTIPLEXING

SUBMITED TO ARCHANA DESHPANDEY

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MULTIPLEXING

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WHY MULTIPLEXING? Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth to achieve specific goals. Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing; i.e., sharing of the bandwidth between multiple users.

MULTIPLEXING Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the (simultaneous) transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so does traffic.

TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING:
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING FREQUENCE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING WAVE-LENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

DEFINATION - Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of putting multiple data streams in a single signal by separating the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration. Each individual data stream is reassembled at the receiving end based on the timing.  It accepts the input from each individual end user, breaks each signal into segments, and assigns the segments to the composite signal in a rotating, repeating sequence.  The circuit that combines signals at the source (transmitting) end of a communications link is known as a multiplexer.

 At the other end of the long-distance cable, the individual signals are separated out by means of a circuit called a demultiplexer.  A two-way communications circuit requires a multiplexer/demultiplexer at each end of the long-distance, high-bandwidth cable

HOW TDM WORKS:

For TDM transmission, both sources are either analog or digital devices so that it can convert data streams in to time slots with the use of PCM. Time division multiplexing uses carrier signals to transfer data stream in sequence where source and destination devices share same single channel. It uses two techniques for analog or digital transmission. Human voice is travelled in the continuous form in the range of 0-4 khtz while digital signals runs in discrete forms like 0 and 1. For transmission on network medium, human voice should be converted into streams bits. The conversion from analog to digital is performed with the use of sampling wave and the level of wave when data is transmitted over digital link. There is attached circuit at the end of transmitting source that is known as multiplexer. It gets output from end user and transfers signal into segments and assigns them composite signal in rotating form. These composite signals contain data received from various users. At the other end of cable, the signals are separated with the use of a circuit that is known as demultiplexer. Then these signals are routed to proper users. In two ways communication, a multiplexer or demultiplexer must be attached with circuit at the end of high bandwidth wire.

BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

TWO TYPES OF TDM BEING USED: 1) SYNCHRONUS TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 2) STATISTICAL TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Synchronous TDM Synchronous TDM works by the muliplexer giving exactly the same amount of time to each device connected to it. This time slice is allocated even if a device has nothing to transmit. This is wasteful in that there will be many times when allocated time slots are not being used. Therefore, the use of Synchronous TDM does not guarantee maximum line usage and efficiency.

STATISTICAL TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

DEFINATION-STDM, or statistical time division multiplexing, is one

method for transmitting several types of data simultaneously across a single transmission cable or line (such as a T1 or T3 line). STDM is often used for managing data being transmitted via a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN). In these situations, the data is often simultaneously transmitted from any number of input devices attached to the network, including computers, printers, or fax machines.

The concept behind STDM is similar to TDM, or time division multiplexing. TDM allows multiple users or input devices to transmit or receive data simultaneously by assigning each device the same, fixed amount of time on one of many "channels" available on the cable or line. The TDM method works well in many cases, but does not always account for the varying data transmission needs of different devices or users.

For example, a busy laser printer shared by many users might need to receive or transmit data 80-90% of the time at a much higher transmission rate than a seldom-used, data-entry computer attached to the same T-1 line. With TDM, even though the printer's transmission needs are greater, both devices would still be allocated the same duration of time to transmit or receive data. In comparison to TDM, the STDM method analyzes statistics related to the typical workload of each input device (printer, fax, computer) and determines on-the-fly how much time each device should be allocated for data transmission on the cable or line. In the above example, STDM would allocate more time to the group printer, based on its past and current transmission needs and less time to the dataentry computer

Statistical Time Division Multiplexing uses intelligent devices capable of identifying when a terminal is idle. They allocate time only to lines when required. This means that more lines can be connected to a transmission medium as this device statistically compensates for normal idle time in data communication lines. Newer STDM units provide additional capabilities such as data compression, line priority,etc. So many believe the STDM method is a more efficient use of total bandwidth available than the TDM method.

TDM SLOT COMPARISION

FDM
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) means that the total bandwidth available to the system is divided into a series of non overlapping frequency sub-bands that are then assigned to each communicating source and user pair

Figure below shows how the division is accomplished for a case of three sources at one end of a system that are communicating with three separate users at the other end. Note that each transmitter modulates its source's information into a signal that lies in a different frequency sub-band (Transmitter 1 generates a signal in the frequency sub-band between 92.0 MHz and 92.2 MHz, Transmitter 2 generates a signal in the sub-band between 92.2 MHz and 92.4 MHz, and Transmitter 3 generates a signal in the sub-band between 92.4 MHz and 92.6 MHz). The signals are then transmitted across a common channel.

At the receiving end of the system, bandpass filters are used to pass the desired signal (the signal lying in the appropriate frequency sub-band) to the appropriate user and to block all the unwanted signals. To ensure that the transmitted signals do not stray outside their assigned subbands, it is also common to place appropriate passband filters at the output stage of each transmitter. It is also appropriate to design an FDM system so that the bandwidth allocated to each sub-band is slightly larger than the bandwidth needed by each source. This extra bandwidth, called a guardband,allows systems to use less expensive filters (i.e., filters with fewer poles and therefore less steep rolloffs).

MODUATION PROCESS IN FDM

EXAMPLE FOR FDM

Example FDM for commercial FM radio The frequency band from 88 MHz to 108 MHz is reserved over the public airwaves for commercial FM broadcasting. The 88 108 MHz frequency band is divided into 200 kHz sub-bands. As we saw in Chapter 6, the 200 kHz bandwidth of each sub-band is sufficient for high-quality FM broadcast of music. The stations are identified by the center frequency within their channel (e.g., 91.5 MHz, 103.7 MHz). This system can provide radio listeners with their choice of up to 100 different radio stations.

FDM has both advantages and disadvantages relative to TDM. The main advantage is that unlike TDM, FDM is not sensitive to propagation delays. Channel equalization techniques needed for FDM systems are therefore not as complex as those for TDM systems. Disadvantages of FDM include the need for bandpass filters, which are relatively expensive and complicated to construct and design (remember that these filters are usually used in the transmitters as well as the receivers). TDM, on the other hand, uses relatively simple and less costly digital logic circuits. Another disadvantage of FDM is that in many practical communication systems, the power amplifier in the transmitter has nonlinear characteristics (linear amplifiers are more complex to build), and nonlinear amplification leads to the creation of outof-band spectral components that may interfere with other FDM channels. Thus, it is necessary to use more complex linear amplifiers in FDM systems.