IT and TQM

Submitted byRajeev Upadhyay (IM18/182) Rohan Kudtarkar (IM18/177) Manish Kumar (IM18/175)

Introduction
Technology, like many other tools, also helps the TQM based organization achieve its goals. Over the past few decades, computers and quality management practices have evolved together and have supported each other. Information Technology is defined as computer technology (either hardware or software) for processing and storing information, as well as communications technology for transmitting information. There are three levels of information technology: Data are alphanumeric and can be moved about without regard to meaning. Information is the meaningful arrangement of data that creates patterns and activates meanings in a person s mind. Knowledge is the value-added content of human thought, derived from perception and intelligent manipulation of information. Computers can be programmed to perform complex calculations to control a process or test, to analyze data, to write reports, and to recall information on command. The quality functions needs served by computer are data collection, data analysis and reporting, statistical analysis, process control, test and inspection, and system design.

History
Timeline Machine Application 1946-1963 Vacuum Tube with i/p by magnetic tape Distributed access to mainframe Scientific & Engineering

1964-1976

Accounting, Inventory & Business transaction. User involvement in system development. Desktop system with Office tools Email. Ecommerce

1977-1984

Computers with GUI

1985-1996

Personal Computers & LAN

1997-Future

Wireless Technology, Internet

Computers & Quality Functions

Data Collection
A process of preparing and collecting data from processes and incorporate it with Information system. Information system maintains the relationship with other activities like inventory control, purchasing, design marketing, accounting & production control. The collected data is used for analysis and decision making in various business processes. Earlier Data stored at service levels in form of secondary media, now data is stored as in form of database which can be stored at data center in centralized or distributed form. Pacific Bell used computer system to operate data of 27000 inventory items, resulted in a reduction of spares from 7.5 to 2.5 per 100 which saved $100 million.

Data Analysis & Reporting

Collected data is stored in suitable by reducing non value added data and presented in form of reports. Data classified into several types according to some few criteria; a. Qualitative or quantitative in line with the property of the observation or measurement, b. Univariate or multivariate according to whether one or more observations or measurements t This data can be extracted at a point in time or over a period of time. The steps for data analysis and reporting: a. Data preparation for analysis b. Data summarization and visualization c. Data analysis and modeling d. Discussion and report writing In computing, a data warehouse (DW) is a database used for reporting and analysis.

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis is important use of computer in quality control. Programmed statistical tools saves time of data analysis & produces error free results. Advantages of programmed statistical software:
a. Time consuming calculations are eliminated b. Timely and accurate analysis may be produced c. Practitioner with minimum statistical can perform their own analysis

Programmed Statistical Analysis tools: Programmed statistical tools saves time of data analysis & produces error free results.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. MATLAB programming language with statistical features MedCalc for biomedical sciences Mentor for market research Minitab general statistics package MLwiN multilevel models (free to UK academics) NCSS general statistics package NMath Stats statistical package for .NET Frameworks O-Matrix programming language

Process Control
Process control is extensively used in industry and enables mass production of continuous processes such as oil refining, paper manufacturing, chemicals, power plants and many other industries Process control enables automation with which a small staff of operating personnel can operate a complex process from a central control room. Programmable Logic Controller or a PLC, is used to read a set of digital and analog inputs, apply a set of logic statements, and generate a set of analog and digital outputs. Advantages of Automatic Process Control: a. Constant Product Quality. b. More uniform start up and shut downs. c. Increased Productivity. d. Safer Operation. Examples of Automatic Process Control:
Thermostat ABS i.e. anti-lock braking system

Automated Test & Inspection

Computer controlled test & inspection offers advantages like a. Improved test quality b. Lower operating cost c. Better report presentation d. Improved accuracy e. Automated calibration f. Malfunction Diagnostic Automated test system can be programmed to perform complete quality audit of a product and do performance check. Reports are automatically prepared to reflect the performance of product and results of testing.

System Design
Information system of an organization is designed and developed based on the requirements and type of activities to be automated. As the technology changes companies have to incur a cost to change the IT system to match with new technology. Solution available to this issue is to implementing software packages available for various quality functions which will be easier to adapt in IT system and meet the changing technology. Software packages are developed such that end user can easily feed the data and get results in acceptable forms. Industry uses different software packages like CAD,CAM,MRP, MIS etc which are designed for various activities to be performed at various levels which can be integrated in IT system to perform all required quality functions. Components of total system are as follows:
CAD CAM MRP MRP II CIM MIS ERP TQM

Internet & other Electronic Communication

Intranet

With LAN efficient data sharing Facilitates e-mail messages, transactions, searches , calendar, team work, authorship, access to internet Informative world of Internet, information about art, entertainment, health, investments, news etc. Easy to operate Less time consuming Pops up so gets noticed instantly unlike e-mails People in remote locations can participate simultaneously Hear as well as see each other, better understanding Cost effective and time efficient

Instant Messaging

Video Conferencing

Web Conferencing and Webinars

Conduct live meetings, seminars, training and presentations via internet Downloaded application or Web based application More economical but less efficient A group of individuals largely dependent on electronic technique to complete a project Uses combinations of e-mails , instant messaging, webinars, video conferencing linked databases, shared screens to complete the task Reduces cost by hiring people without relocation costs. Bridges demographic and geographic gap. Software like QSET makes remote and paperless assessments possible Supporting multiple organizations, supplier sites and mobile users. Reliably managing organization knowledge Providing powerful security and control features Better representation with integration of different kind of information, documents, ppts, photographs, CAD drawings, attachments etc.

Virtual Teaming

Document Management

E-Learning
Can be offered in variety of formats LAN, CD ROM based, Web based. Location independent Only computer is required, makes it economical. Time efficient Learners apply the knowledge immediately Materials can reviewed at a later date. Interactive exercises Instruction can be customized Govt using internet to simplify and store information Online bill payments Online tax filing, tracking passport issues, land transactions. Centralized admissions Railway bookings Dissemination of information in rural and urban areas, e-choupal etc.

E Government

E-Commerce
Buying and selling across internet All information easily accessible, supplier, manufacturer, distributers etc. Tracking of logistics World is a global village, rupturing technological barriers Works well for both B2B and B2C markets Tremendous growth in last few years Low cost entry and operational costs Global reach with trading partners Reduced cycle time, price payments, Coordination 24/7 Sales and customer service Product information and advertisements Direct marketing strategy, Dell.

Website Design
Good website no different from good product or service Objective to increase sales, increasing customer base, display information, selling products, reducing costs. Define market segments that use the website Design the Website with details easily available to the visitors. Select the hardware and software, maintain the website.

Information Quality Issues

Sufficiency
Important to know when enough information has been obtained Fine line between too much and too little information Helps in making intelligent decision Accuracy is must, if not accurate efficiency useless Garbage in Garbage out Information to be received timely, can compete with world markets Examples: AOL s instant messaging services and Video Conferencing CADD/CAM systems, interactive with suppliers and customers, create virtual teams

Accuracy Timeliness

Intellectual Property
Intellectual property (IP) is a term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized and the corresponding fields of law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Common types of intellectual property rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights and trade secrets in some jurisdictions. The term intellectual property is used to describe many very different, unrelated legal concepts.

Security
Two major issues Access Security & Transaction Security Access Security is the control of access to a computer that is physically connected to the internet Transaction Security is the control of a given communication such as business transaction to insure it is not violated Safeguarding information from loss, destruction, theft, tampering or sabotage is the high priority Primary technique, using firewalls, immune to viruses. Security to be kept in mind while writing programs E-Signature, Encryption makes it more secure Biometrics to replace passwords Cybercrimes are defined as: "Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet (Chat rooms, emails, notice boards and groups) and mobile phones (SMS/MMS)

Cyber Crime

Such crimes may threaten a nation s security and financial health. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding cracking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise. --Strict cyber laws --Cyber cells in Police to deal with this type of crime --Anti Cyber squatting Consumer protection Act

Privacy

Despite growing concerns people share personal details over internet Recently Amazon.com announced that it is changing its privacy policy by sharing information to other companies Well informed and internet educated people are required Cookies, help track online movements. Information includes investments, credit card details bills, e-mails id/passwords, need not to be shared Too much outdated information 2 million web pages added everyday Paperless society a myth, use of paper increasing every day, Per Capita Paper consumption to double from 2007 to 2015 in India

Pollution

Creativity
Drawing insights and conclusions from existing information to invent, innovate or conceptualize new systems, product or services. Encyclopedia went online on oct19, 1999, caused several issues Hershey chocolates introduced online buying of chocolates, didn t work Look for new ways to do effectively and efficiently

Control and Prevention

A lot of ways so that errors and glitches may not go unnoticed. Timely rectification of the issues before a disaster ISO 9000, Quality by design, FMEA, SPC most effective World Wide Web Consortium(W3C) decides which basic technology the industry will have common

Technologies of the Future

Wireless Revolution, 3G, Real time video calls. Artificial Intelligence, portion of human brain that make decisions Virtual e-commerce Wallet PC, GPS e-books, iPads e-paper, mobile technologies

Conclusion
      IT had tremendous impact on TQM Economy is benefitting from structural gains in productivity due to technological innovations Cycle times have reduced significantly Speed of data collection and analysis has increased tremendously Cybercrimes have kept challenging IT and other professionals to make it safe and secure A lot has been left to achieved and it is a continuous improvement process As Winston Churchill once said The empires of the future are the empires of the mind