GSM INTRODUCTION

ADA CELLWORKS PVT LTD

INTRODUCTION

The global system for mobile communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN). These recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different administrations, including operations across international boundaries.

THE GSM NETWORK

The GSM network is comprised of the following components: Network Elements The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter. GSM subsystems In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter. Standardized Interfaces GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.

THE GSM NETWORK CONTINUED

Network Protocols For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter. GSM Frequencies The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.

DIGITAL NETWORKS

GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities. They are consistent with the world wide digitization of the telephone network, and are an extension of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), using a digital radio interface between the cellular network and the mobile subscriber equipment.

INCREASED CAPACITY

The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems. GSM allows 25 kHz. Per user, that is, eight conversations per 200kHz. Channel pair (a pair comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel). Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from the cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference); a Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) level of 9 dB is achieved, as opposed to the 18 dB typical with analogue cellular. This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the reuse pattern. Since this number is directly controlled by the amount of interference, the radio transmission design can deliver acceptable performance.

CGI : CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY

LAI MCC MNC CGI LAC CI

MCC = Mobile Country Code MNC = Mobile Network Code LAC = Location Area Code CI = Cell Identity

MSISDN
CC

NDC XXX

SN 12345

98

CC = Country Code NDC = National Destination Code SN = Subscriber Number

MSISDN
The Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) number is the telephone number of the MS. This is the number a calling party dials to reach the subscriber. It is used by the land network to route calls towards the MSC.

IMSI
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) Network Identity Unique To A Sim. MCC MNC MSIN
404 XX 12345..10

SIM = Subscriber Identity Module MCC = Mobile Country Code MNC = Mobile Network Code MSIN = Mobile Subscriber Identity Number

IMEI
IMEI : Serial number unique to each mobile
TAC 6 FAC 2 SNR 6 SP 1

IMEI = International Mobile Equipment Identity TAC = Type Approval Code FAC = Final Assembly Code SNR = Serial Number SP = Spare

SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Just the IMEI identifies the mobile equipment, other numbers are used to identify the mobile subscriber. Different subscriber identities are used in different phases of call setup. The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is the primary identity of the subscriber within the mobile network and is permanently assigned to that subscriber. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) The GSM system can also assign a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI). After the subscribers IMSI has been initialized on the system, the TMSI can be used for sending backward and forward across the network to identify the subscriber. The system automatically changes the TMSI at regular intervals, thus protecting the subscriber from being identified by someone attempting to monitor the radio channels. The TMSI is a local number and is always transmitted with the Local numbers and is always transmitted with the Location Area Identification (LAI) to avoid ambiguities.

SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION MODULE (SIM)

By making a distinction between the subscriber identity and the mobile equipment identity, a GSM PLMN can route calls and perform billing based on the identity of the subscriber rather than the mobile equipment being used. This can be done using a removable Subscriber Information Module (SIM). A smart card is one possible implementation of a SIM module. IMSI. This is transmitted at initialization of the mobile equipment. TMSI This is updated periodically by the PLMN MSISDN This is made up of a country code, a national code and a subscriber number. Location Area Identity (LAI) This identified the current location of the subscriber. Subscriber Authentication Key (KI) This is used to authenticate the SIM.

EQUIPMENT IDENTITY NUMBER

International Mobile station Equipment Identity (IMEI) Each MS is identified by an International Mobile station Equipment Identity (IMEI) number which is permanently stored in the mobile equipment. On request, the MS sends this number over the signalling channel to the MSC. The IMEI can be used to identify MS,s that are reported stolen or operating incorrectly. Equipment Identity Register ( EIR ) A listing of the allowed IMEI is maintained by the PLMNs in the Equipment Identity Register (EIR) to validate the mobile equipment.

Frequency Bands
Uplink Downlink
1 100 KHz

890 915 MHz 935 960 MHz 25 MHz

2 200 KHz 3 4

25 MHz

124 100 KHz

A 200 KHz carrier spacing has been chosen. Excluding 2x100 KHz edges of the band, this gives 124 possible carriers for the uplink and downlink. The use of carrier 1 and 124 are optional for operators.

GSM Network Architecture

BSC
AUC HLR
BTS

TRAU
BTS BTS BTS BTS

MSC BSC PSTN

VLR SMSC EIR

MS Mobile Station
MS SIM ME

Mobile station provides user access to GSM network for voice and data All GSM mobiles comply to GSM standards Subscriber data is read from a SIM card that plugs into ME

MS (cont..)
Each MS has a unique number called as IMEI number, which is stored in EIR for authentication purposes Mobile camps on to the GSM network through the BTS serving the cell Mobile also scans neighboring cells and reports signal strengths Mobile transmits and receives voice at 13 kb/s over the air interface

Mobile Station Output Power

CLASS 1 20 watts Vehicle and Portable CLASS 2 8 watts Portable and Vehicle CLASS 3 5 watts Hand-Held CLASS 4 2 watts Hand-Held (GSM) CLASS 5 0.8 watts Hand-Held (DCS 1800) Output power determines:
Accessibility in areas of coverage

MSISDN : Mobile Station ISDN Number It is the human identity used to call a Mobile Station
CC 98 NDC 250 SN 00134 MSISDN

Mobile Station Identities

CC Country Code NDC National Destination Code SN Serial Number

IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

3 MCC 2 or 3 MNC MSIN IMSI

Not more than 15 NMSI MCC Mobile Country Code MNC Mobile Network Code MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identity Number

IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)

TAC FAC SNR SP IMEI

15

TAC Type Approval Code FAC Factory Assembly Code SNR Serial Number SP Spare digit (usually used to specify software version)

SIM ( Subscriber Identity Module)

Space to insert SIM photo

Removable module inserted when the subscriber wants to use the ME Two sizes: credit card size and stamp size SIM features and contents are personalized by the Service Activator ROM 6kb to 16 kb RAM 128 bytes to 256 bytes

Contents of SIM
Serial Number IMSI, Subscriber Key Ki, Ciphering Key Kc Algorithms for authentication and ciphering Network Code PIN, PUK Charging Information Abbreviated Dialling

SIM Security
Two level protection When mobile is turned on, it will ask for user to enter PIN (Personal Id Number) 3 tries for PIN, after that PIN locked To unblock PIN, there is PUK (Pin Unblock Key) 10 attempts of PUK allowed After that SIM is blocked

BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

BTS has a set of Transceivers (TRXs) to communicate with mobiles in its area One BTS covers one or more than one cell The capacity of a cell depends on number of transceivers in the cell BTS is connected to the BSC through Abis Interface which is 2Mbps BTS transmits and receives voice at 13kbps over air interface to the mobiles. BTS commands mobiles to set Tx. Power, timing advance and Handovers

BTS

BSC Base Station Controller

Several BTSs are connected to the BSC BSC Manages channel allocation, handovers and release of channels at connected BTSs BSC connects to the BTS via the Abis interface and to the MSC on A interface BSC has the entire database of cell parameters associated with the BTSs. No mobile data is stored in the BSC Less connections for MSC as intelligence is made common to all BTSs by the BSC

BSC

TRAU Transcoder Rate Adaptation Unit

MSC and TRAU BSC
BTS

PSTN 64 kbps

13 kbps

16 kbps

16 kbps

TRAU (cont..)
The MSC is based on ISDN switching. The Fixed Network is also ISDN based. ISDN has speech rate of 64 kbps. Mobile communicates at 13 kbps. TRAU converts the data rates between 13kbps GSM rate to 64kbps Standard ISDN rate TRAU can be collocated with the BTS, BSC or MSC or it can be a separate unit.

Location of Transcoder
Collocated with MSC, BSC, BTS Separate Unit

MSC

Transco der

BSC

MSC Mobile Switching Centre

BSC BSC
VLR HLR

BSC
BTSs

PSTN

MSC (cont..)
Exchange where calls are established, maintained and released Database for all subscribers and their associated features. Communicates with the BSCs on the A interface and with PSTN on fixed line. MSC is weighted on the number of subscribers it can support. E.g. an MSC of 1 lac subscribers means one MSC is enough till subscriber base increases upto 1 lac, beyond which another MSC is required.

 When there is more capacity, there are more than one MSCs. All MSCs have to communicate with one another and to the outside world. Very complicated to connect each MSC to each other and each MSC to PSTN So there is a concept of GMSC (Gateway MSC)

Multiple MSCs

BSC BSC

MSC GMSC MSC PSTN

HLR Home Location Register

MSC has all subscriber database stored in HLR HLR has all permanent subscriber database HLR has a database which describes the subscribers profile i.e. basic features and supplementary services MSC communicates with the HLR to get data for subscribers on call

VLR Visiting Location Register

A subscription when activated is registered in VLR VLR has all the subscriber numbers which are active. VLR has a temporary database of all active subscribers (on/off, location information) HLR

MSC

VLR

VLR (cont..)
HLR MSC VLR VLR MSC

MSC communicates with HLR for subscribers coming from different MSCs. If the subscriber is found valid, then it registers the subscriber in the VLR

 Authentication is a process by which a SIM is verified Secret data and the verification process algorithm are stored in AUC AUC is the element which carries out the verification of the SIM AUC is associated with the HLR

AUC Authentication Centre

MS

MSC

HLR

AUC

EIR (Equipment Identity Register)

EIR is the Mobile Equipment Database which has a series of IMEIs MSC asks the Mobile to send its IMEI MSC then checks the validity of IMEI with the EIR All IMEIs are stored in EIR with relevant classifications
MSC EIR

Classification of IMEIs
White list: This contains the IMEI of type approved mobiles
Black List: List of IMEIs which should be barred because either they are stolen or are not functioning properly Grey list: List of IMEIs which are to be evaluated before they are put in black list

Billing Centre (BC)

BC Generates the billing statement for each subscriber BC may be directly connected to the MSC or through a mediation device MSC sends CDRs (Call Detail Records) to the BC According to the template of pulse rates and units set, BC creates a bill according to the destination called and the call duration

Billing Centre (BC) (cont..)

Templates for unit costs

CDRs

OMC Operations and Maintenance Centre

Also called the NOC (Network Operations centre) It is the central monitoring and remote maintenance centre for all network elements OMC has links to BSCs and MSCs

OMC Operations and Maintenance Centre

Also called the NOC (Network Operations centre) It is the central monitoring and remote maintenance centre for all network elements OMC has links to BSCs and MSCs

OMC
BTSs BSC

BTSs

BSC

OMC System

BTSs

BSC

OMC Terminals

GSM Channels

GSM Channels
Physical Channel
One time slot on one carrier is called physical channel.

Logical Channel
Information carried by physical channels is called logical Channels. Logical channels are mapped on physical channels.

Logical Channels
Traffic channels: Used for speech and
data Full Rate(TCH/F) Half Rate(TCH/H)

Control channels: Used for signaling

.i.e. setting up a radio connection, call or controlling an MS during conversation BCH(Broadcast channels) CCCH(common control channels) DCCH(dedicated control channels)

Traffic Channels(TCH)

Traffic Channels(TCH)
TCH/F (full Rate) TCH/H (half Rate)

Control Channels(CCH)
CCH(Control Channel)

BCH

CCCH

DCCH

BCCH

Synch. Chanels FCCH

RACH

CBCH

SDCCH

ACCH

SCH

PCH/ AGCH

FACCH

SACCH

BCH(Broadcast Channels) Channels)

BCCH(Broadcast Control Channels)
Downlink Only. Broadcast information of the serving cell (System Information). Transmitted on timeslot zero of BCCH carrier. Reads only by idle mobile at least once every 30 secs.

BCH(Broadcast Channels) contd

SCH(Synchronisation Channels)
Downlink Only Carries information for frame synchronisation. Contains frame number and BSIC(Base Station Identity Code).

BCH(Broadcast Channels) contd

FCCH(Frequency Correction Channels)
Downlink Only. Enable MS to synchronies to the frequency.

CCCH(Common Control Channel)

RACH(Random Access Channel)
Uplink only. Used by the MS when making its first access to the Network. The reason for access could be initiation of a call or a page response.

CCCH(Common Control Channel) contd

AGCH(Assess Grant Channel)
Downlink only. Used for acknowledgement of the access attempt sent on RACH. Used by the network to assign a signaling cannel upon successful decoding of access bursts.

CCCH(Common Control Channel) contd

PCH(Paging Channel)
Downlink only. The network will page the MS ,if there is a incoming call or a short Message. It contains the MS identity number, the IMSI or TMSI.

DCCH(Dedicated Control Channel)

SDCCH (Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel)
Uplink and Downlink. Used for call setup, authentication, ciphering location update and SMS.

DCCH(Dedicated Control Channel) contd

SACCH(Slow Associated Control Channel)
Downlink and Uplink. Used to transfer signal while MS have ongoing conversation on traffic or while SDCCH is being used. On the forward link, the SACCH is used to send slow but regularly changing control information to each mobile on that ARFCN, such as power control instructions and specific timing advance instructions

 SACCH(Slow Associated Control Channel) contd

The reverse SACCH carries information about the received signal strength and quality of the TCH, as well as BCH measurement results from neighboring cells.

DCCH(Dedicated Control Channel) contd

FACCH(Fast Associated Control Channel)
Downlink and uplink. Associate with TCH only. It is used to send fast message like hand over message. Work by stealing traffic bursts.

Mapping on Physical Channels

The Logical channels are mapped on the physical channels. The TDMA frames are grouped together into multi-frame.
26 TDMA multi-frame for Traffic. 51 TDMA multi-frame for control signal.

Channel Combination
Combined
All the controlling signals are in the time slot 0 of the Multi-frame.

Non Combined
Dedicated controlling signals are in time slot 1 of the Multi-frame.

Combined
Cell with single carrier.
Timeslot 0 :BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH. Timeslot 1-7 :TCH/FACCH+SACCH.

Non Combined
Cell with Two carrier
Timeslot 0 (of carrier 1) BCCH+CCCH. Timeslot 1 (of carrier1) SDCCH+SACCH. Timeslot 2-7 & 0-7(of both carriers) TCH/FACCH+SACCH.

SYSTEM INFORMATION

SYSTEM INFORMATION 1
When frequency hopping is used in cell MS needs to know which frequency band to use and what frequency within the band it should use in hopping algorithm. Cell channel description Cell Allocation Number(CANO)-Informs the band number of the frequency channels used. 00-Band 0(current GSM band) Cell Allocation ARFCN(CA ARFCN):ARFCNs used for hopping.It is coded in a bitmap of 124 bits.

SYTEM INFORMATION 1
124 123 122 121

024 016 008

023 015 007

022 014 006

021 013 005

020 012 004

019 011 003

018 010 002

017 009 001

SYSTEM INFORMATION 1
RACH Control Parameters
Access Control Class(ACC) :-Bitmap with 16 bits. All MS spread out on class 0 9 . Priority groups use class 11-15. A bit set to 1 barred access for that class. Bit 10 is used to tell the MS if emergency call is allowed or not. 0 All MS can make emergency call. 1 - MS with class 11-15 only can make emergency calls. Cell barred for access(CB):0- Yes 1- No

SYSTEM INFORMATION 1
RACH Control Parameters
Re-establishment allowed(RE):0- Yes 1- No Max_retransmissions(MAXRET):-Number of times the MS attempts to access the Network [1,2,4 or 7]. Tx-integer(TX):- Number of slots to spread access retransmissions when a MS attempts to access the system. Emergency call allowed:Yes/No.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 2
System Information Type 2 message consists of the Double BA list which defines the BCCH frequencies used in the neighboring cells. The Double BA list provides the MS with different frequencies on which to measure, depending on whether the MS is in idle or active mode. In active mode, the MS should measure on a reduced number of frequencies in order to improve the accuracy of measurements.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 2
In Idle mode,the MS should measure on larger number of frequencies, so that the time required for the MS to access the network after power on is reduced. The MS is also informed which PLMNs it may use. As well as System Information Type 2,it is also possible to have System Information Type 2 Bis and System information Type 2 Ater, depending on the size of the BA List. System Information Type 2 Bis/Ter are optional.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 2
Neighbor Cell Description:BA Indicator(BA IND):- Allows to differentiate measurement results related to different list of BCCH frequencies sent to MS. BCCH Allocation number(BANO):Band 0 is used.

PLMN Permitted(NCCPERM):-This the

PLMN color codes permitted and tells the MS which network color codes(NCC) on the BCCH carriers it is allowed to monitor when it is in this cell.
.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 2
RACH Control Parameters
Access Control Class(ACC) :-Bitmap with 16 bits. All MS spread out on class 0 9 . Priority groups use class 11-15. A bit set to 1 barred access for that class. Bit 10 is used to tell the MS if emergency call is allowed or not. 0 All MS can make emergency call. 1 - MS with class 11-15 only can make emergency calls. Cell barred for access(CB):0- Yes 1- No

SYSTEM INFORMATION 2
Re-establishment allowed(RE):0- Yes 1- No Max_retransmissions(MAXRET):-Number of times the MS attempts to access the Network [1,2,4 or 7]. Tx-integer(TX):- Number of slots to spread access retransmissions when a MS attempts to access the system. Emergency call allowed:Yes/No.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 2
BCCH ARFCN Number(BAIND):- ARFCNs used for in a Bitmap of 124 bits
124 123 122 121

024 016 008

023 015 007

022 014 006

021 013 005

020 012 004

019 011 003

018 010 002

017 009 001

SYSTEM INFORMATION 3
The System Information Type 3 contains information on the identity of the current LA and cell identity, because a change means that the MS must update the network. System Information 3 also as Control Channel Description parameters used to calculate the Paging group. When the MS is in idle mode it decides which cells to lock to. Information needed by the MS for cell selection is also broadcast in the Type 3 information.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 3
LOCATION AREA IDENTITTY(LAI) 7 6 MCC DIG 2 1 1 1 MNC DIG 2 8 5 1 LAC LAC CELL IDENTITY CI CI 4 3 MCC DIG MCC DIG MNC DIG 2 1 1 1 1

SYSTEM INFORMATION 3
Control Channel Description
Attach / Detach(ATT):0 = Allowed 1 = Not Allowed bs_agblk:-Number of block reserved for AGCH [0-7] Ba_pmfrms:-Number of 51 frame multi-frames between transmission of paging messages to MS of the same group T3212:- Periodic location update timer . [1-255 deci hours].

SYSTEM INFORMATION 3
cch_conf Physical channels 0 1 timeslot(0) 1 1 timeslot(0) 2 2 timeslot(0,2) 4 3 timeslot(0,2,4) 6 4 timeslot(0,2,4,6) combined No Yes No No No No. of CCH 9 3 18 27 36

SYSTEM INFORMATION 3
Cell options
DTX:-Whether Discontinuous Transmission used or not. PWRC:-Power control on the downlink. 0 = Not used. 1 = Used. Radio link timeout(RLINKT):-Radio link time-out is the time before an MS disconnects due to failure in decoding SACCH message. Sets the timer T100 in the MS.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 3
Cell Selection Parameters
Rxlev_access_min:- Minimum received signal level at the MS for which it is permitted to access the system. 0-63 = -100 dBm to 47 dBm. Mx_txpwr_cch:- Maximum power the MS will use when accessing the system. Cell_reselect_hysteresis:- Used for cell reselection.

RACH Control Parameters.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 4
Location Area Identification. Cell Selection Parameters
Rxlev_access_min:- Minimum received signal level at the MS for which it is permitted to access the system. 0-63 = -100 dBm to 47 dBm. Mx_txpwr_cch:- Maximum power the MS will use when accessing the system. Cell_reselect_hysteresis:- Used for cell reselection.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 4
RACH Control Parameters
max_retransmissions(MAXRET) tx_integer(TX) Cell barred for access(CB). Re-establishment allowed(RE) Emergency Call Allowed Access Control Class (ACC)

SYSTEM INFORMATION 4
CBCH Description(Optional) :
CHN:- This is the channel number for CBCH. It is controlled internally in BSC. TSC:- Training Sequence Code. Base Station Color Code(BCC) part of BSIC is used. CBCHNO:- Absolute RF channel number of CBCH. MAC:- Mobile Allocation in the cell, describes the frequencies to be used in the hopping sequence if frequency hopping is used.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 4
Hopping Channel(H):-Informs if CBCH Channel is hopping or single. ARFCN:- If H=0; MAIO:- If H=1, informs the MS where to start hopping. Values [0-63]. HSN:- If H=1, informs the MS in what order the hopping should take place. Values[0 63]. HSN=0 Cyclic Hopping. MA:-Indicates which RF Channels are used for hopping. ARFCN numbers coded in bitmap.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 5
Sent on the SACCH on the downlink to the MS in dedicated mode. On SAACH, the MS also receives information about the BCCH carrier in each neighboring cell. This may differ from those sent in System information type 2. It is also possible to have system Information Type 5 Bis and System Information Type 5Ter, depending on the size of the BA list.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 5
Neighbor Cell Description:BA-IND:-Used by the Network to discriminate measurements results related to different lists of BCCH carriers sent by the MS(Type 2 or 5). Values 0 or 1(different from type 2). BCCH Allocation number:-00-Band 0(current GSM band).

SYSTEM INFORMATION 5
BCCH ARFCN:-Neighboring cells ARFCNs. Sent as a bitmap. 0-Not used 1-Used.
124 123 122 121

024 016 008

023 015 007

022 014 006

021 013 005

020 012 004

019 011 003

018 010 002

017 009 001

SYSTEM INFORMATION 6
Ms in dedicated mode needs to know if the LA has changed.If so, it must perform location updating when the call is released. MS may change between cells with different Radio link timeout and DTX. Cell Identity. Location Area Identification. PLMN permitted.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 6
Cell options:
DTX PWRC Radio Link timeout.

SYSTEM INFORMATION 7/8

System Information Types 7 and 8 contain Cell Reselect parameters. Their function is to supplement System Information Type 4.

GSM Interfaces
(Um) Air interface A bis interface A Interface B Interface C interface MS to BTS BTS to BSC BSC to MSC MSC to VLR MSC to HLR

AUC H Interface To other Networks GMSC HLR C Interface MSC A Interface BSC A bis Interface

D Interface VLR B Interface F Interface EIR

Air Interface MS

GSM Interfaces
The interfaces between MSC and MS is called A, Abis and Um interfaces. On these interfaces only three layers are defined.They are not corresponding to the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model.

A Interface
A interface between the BSC and the MSC The A interface provides two distinct types of information, signalling and traffic, between the MSC and the BSC. The speech is transcoded in the TRC and the SS7 (Signalling system) signalling is transparently connected through the TRC or on a separate link to the BSC.

Abis Interface
The A-bis interface responsible for transmitting traffic and signalling information between the BSC and the BTS. The transmission protocol used for sending signalling information on the A-bis interface is Link Access Protocol on the D Channel (LAPD)

(Um) Air Interface

This is the interface between the mobile station and the Base station. The Air interface uses the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique to transmit and receive traffic and signalling information between the BTS and MS. The TDMA technique is used to divide each carrier into eight time slots.These time slots are then assigned to specific users,allowing up to eight conversations to be handled Simultaneously by the same carrier.

7 6

5 4

3 2

1 0 Down Link 4 5 6 7

Up Link

0 1

2 3

Time Slot This interface is the radio interface between the

mobile station and the network and uses layer Three messages. On Layer three messages we have the division of message types into CM (communication Management), MM (Mobility Management), and RR (Radio Resource Management).

Connection Management (CM)

There are three entities within CM: Call Control(CC) Which handles the procedures concerning call control. e.g. setup,Change of bearer service. Supplementary Service (SS) Which handles such as call bearing, call waiting , call forwarding etc. Short Message Service (SMS) Enables the MS to handle short message transfer to and from the network.

Mobility Management (MM)

Mobility management handles functions for authentication, location updating, identification and others concerning the mobility of the mobile station.

Radio Resource Management (RR)

It contains the functions concerning the radio link. Here we find the capability to establish,maintain and release the radio connection between the network and the mobile station, which includes the handover procedure.

B Interface
The B interface between the MSC and the VLR uses the MAP/TCAP protocol. Most MSCs are associated with a VLR, making the B interface "internal". Whenever the MSC needs access to data regarding a MS located in its area, it interrogates the VLR using the MAP/B protocol over the B interface.

C Interface
The C interface is between the HLR and a MSC. Each call originating outside of GSM (i.e., a MS terminating call from the PSTN) has to go through a Gateway to obtain the routing information required to complete the call, and the MAP/TCAP protocol over the C interface is used for this purpose. Also, the MSC may optionally forward billing information to the HLR after call clearing.

D Interface
The D interface is between the VLR and HLR. It uses the MAP/TCAP protocol to exchange the data related to the location of the MS and to the management of the subscriber.

E Interface
The E interface interconnects two MSCs. The E interface exchanges data related to handover between the anchor and relay MSCs using the -MAP/TCAP+ISUP/TUP protocol.

F Interface
The F interface connects the MSC to the EIR. It uses the MAP/TCAP protocol to verify the status of the IMEI that the MSC has retrieved from the MS.

G Interface
The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs. It uses the MAP/G protocol to transfer subscriber information, during e.g. a location update procedure.

Encoding and Interleaving of Information Signal in GSM

Topics for discussion

Speech Encoding Data Encoding Interleaving for Voice,Control and Data signals

Speech Encoding
We shall start with a raw voice signal fed into the microphone, travel through the various stages involving vocoding, channel coding etc till it reaches the final burst format on the Air Interface.

Speech Encoding ckt

Raw Voice signal

Voice Encoding

Channel coding

interleaving

RF Modulation

Speech Encoding ckt

The voice is sampled at the rate of 50 samples per second. This results in 20 msec blocks of speech Each of this 20 msec block is passed on to the 13Kbps vocoder. There are 260 information bits from the output of the vocoder for every 20 msec input i.e.; 13Kbps *20msec = 260 bits.

Voice Encoding ckt

Vocoder I/p 20 msec speech blocks

13Kbps Vocoder

Vocoder O/p 260 bits

Channel coding
Channel Coding is done to protect the logical channels from transmission errors introduced by the radio path. The coding schemes depend on the type of the logical channels, hence the coding can differ from speech, control and data .

Channel Coding for speech

Class 1a 50
Bits 3 parity 132

260 bits class 1b

class 2

4 tail bits

Convolutional coder coder, k=5

456 bits=378 bits from Convolution coder + 78 class 2 bits

Channel coding for Speech

The 260 bits of speech info from the vocoder is broken down into three parts. Class 1a- 50 bits , these represent the filter coefficients of the speech and are the most important for proper detection of the speech at the receiver and hence are given maximum protection. 3 additional parity bits are derived from the class 1a bits for cyclic redundancy check (CRC).

Channel coding for Speech contd

Class 1b - 132 bits are not parity checked but are fed into the convolutional coder along with 4 tail bits which are used to set the registers in the receiver to a known state for decoding purpose. Class 2- 78 bits, these are not so important and are not protected but are combined with the output of the convolution coder.

Control Channel Coding

184 bits Control data 184 Fire coded 40 4 tail parity bits Convolutional Coder 456 bits output

Control Channel Coding

The control information is received in blocks of 184 bits. These bits are first protected with a cyclic code called as Fire code, which is useful in correction and detection of burst errors. 40 Parity bits are added, along with 4 tail bits. These 228 bits are given to the CC whose output is again 456 bits at a bitrate of 22.8Kbps. The control channels include the RACH, PCH, AGCH etc.

Data Channel Coding

240 bits Data 4 tail bits

Convolutional Coder Output= 488 bits

After Puncturing Output=456 bits

Data Channel Coding

The data bits are received in blocks of 240 bits. These are directly convolution coded after adding 4 tail bits. The output of the CC is now 488 bits, which actually increases the bitrate to 24.4 Kbps. To keep the bitrate constant on the air interface we need to puncture the output of the CC. Hence, we have a final bitrate of 22.8 Kbps again .

Channel Coding contd

The above explanation was given keeping in view a full rate Traffic, Control, or Data channel. For Half rate or Lesser rates the same principle of channel coding holds good, with slight differences in the encoding process.

Interleaving
Having encoded the logical channel information, the next step is to build its bit stream into bursts that can be transmitted within the TDMA frame structure. This is the stage where the interleaving process is carried out. Interleaving spreads the content of one information block across several TDMA timeslots or bursts.

Interleaving contd
The following interleaving depths are used : Speech 8 blocks Control 4 blocks Data 22 blocks The interleaving process for a speech block is shown wherein which a 456 bit speech block is divided into 8 blocks of 57 bits each and each of these odd and even 57 bit blocks are interleaved diagonally on to alternate bursts on the TDMA frame.

Speech Interleaving
Speech block N-1 456 bit speech data 8* 57 bits each = 456 bits Of Speech block N

T+F

57 57 odd T+F odd Of N-1 Of N

57 57 Even T+F Even Of N-1 Of N

The speech is spread over 8 such normal bursts Each normal burst consists of two blocks of 57 bit speech from different 20msec blocks (say N, N-1) along with 26 bit training sequence T and 2 flag F plus 6 start stop bits .

Control Data Interleaving

456 bits control data 114 114 114 114

TDMA Burst blocks The control data is spread over 4 blocks using rectangular interleaving instead of diagonal interleaving as in speech the receiver will have to wait for at least 2 multiframes before being able to decode the control message

Data Interleaving
456 bit data block 114
First 6 bits

114
First 6 bits

114

114

Last 6 bits

Last 6 bits

Burst 1

Burst 2

Burst 3

Burst 4

Burst 19

Burst 22

Data Interleaving contd

Here the data block of 456 bits is divided into 4 blocks of 114 bits each. The first 6 bits from each of the 114 bit blocks is inserted in to each frame, the second 6 bits from each of the 114 bits into the next frame and so on spreading each 114 block over 19 TDMA bursts while the entire 456 bits is spread over 22 TDMA bursts. Thus the data interleaving is said to have a depth of 22 bursts.

Data Interleaving contd

The reason why data is spread over such along period of time is that if data burst is corrupted or lost, only a small part of it is lost which can be reproduced at the receiver. This wide interleaving depth does produce a time delay during transmission but that is acceptable since it does not affect the data signal quality at the receiver, unlike speech where delay could result in bad quality of signal to the subscriber. *Note The interleaving used in data is diagonal interleaving.

Interleaving Advantage
Before Deinterleaving 3 successive bursts corrupted

After Deinterleaving The corrupted bursts are spread over a length equal to the interleaving depth so that the effect of the errors is minimized.

Air Interface Bitrate

The information which is now coded and interleaved at 22.8 Kbps now has to be transmitted over the Air interface to the BTS. The information burst is not sent directly , but is sent in ciphered form within a burst envelope. This ciphering is done using ciphering keys and algorithms known both by the mobile and the BSS.

Air Interface Bitrate contd

The Kc is the ciphering key and A5 algorithm are applied to the information(speech or data) which increases the bitrate to a final rate of 33.8 Kbps from/to each mobile. If we assume all 8 timeslots of the cell to be occupied then the bitrate of the Air interface comes to 33.8 * 8= 270.4 Kbps/channel.

Air Interface Bitrate contd

Kc Information Block 22.8 Kbps

A5 Algorithm

Sent on Air interface Ciphered information burst 33.8 Kbps

Air Interface Bitrate contd

TDMA Fn TDMA Fn+1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cell rxs 8*33.8 KBps = 270.4 Kbps Per TDMA frame

Cell coverage area

Mobile Txs at 33.8 Kbps

Decoding and Deinterleaving at the Receiver

At the receiver the reverse process of Deinterleaving and decoding have to take place respectively, so as to recover the information from the signal. After Deinterleaving the signal will be decoded which is the reverse process of the Convolutional coding, using Viterbi decoders. The decoder can recover lost or corrupted data up to 4 successive bits, because the memory depth of the CC is 4(for k=5).

Channelization
Frequency band has several application segments Certain blocks of the Band are reserved for certain applications by regulating authorities Technologies have decided their frequency bands E.g. AMPS/DAMPS: 824-894 MHz

Channelization methods
Channelization can be done primarily by three methods:
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

Power

FDMA
Time

Frequency E.g. AMPS band is divided into 30 KHz channels (1666 Freq. channels) Television Channels (Star, Zee, Sony,..)

Power

TDMA
Time

Frequency E.g. AMPS has 3 timeslots on each 30 KHz channel

CDMA
Frequency channel is divided into code channels E.g. in IS-95 CDMA, 1.228 MHz channel is divided into 64 Code Channels Each user has a particular code Codes are orthogonal to each other, do not interfere with each other

Duplex Access Methods Amplitude

Time

Tx

Rx

F1

F2

Frequency

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Transmit on one frequency and receive on another frequency

Amplitude

Time Division Duplex

Time

Rx Tx F1 Frequency

Time division duplex Tx and Rx is on the same frequency but on different times

GSM Air Interface

Separate Bands for Uplink and Downlink
Downlink: 935-960Mhz (EGSM: 925960MHz) Uplink: 890-915 MHz (EGSM: 880-915 TDMA and TDMA Multiplex MHz) 124 Frequency Channels (ARFCN) for GSM900 1 to 124 fro current band 975 to 1023 for E-GSM 200kHz Channels 8 Mobiles share ARFCN by TDMA

GSM Air interface (1800)

1800: Downlink: 1805-1880 MHz 1800: Uplink: 1710-1785 MHx

374 ARFCNs Separation of 95 MHz ARFCNs are numbered from 512 to 885 inclusive

The GSM Burst

Tail Bits Control Bit Control Bit Tail Bits

57 Data

26 Midamble

57 Data

3 8.25 Guard Period

Speech Coder
20 ms blocks
RPE/LTP coder (Regular Pulse Speech Coder excitation/Long term Prediction) Converts 64 kbps Bits Ordered speech to 13 kbps At the end we get 13kbps speech i.e. 260 bits in 20 ms 132 important bits 78 other bits

50 very important bits

Error Correction
Type 1a 50 3(CRC) Type 1b 132 Type II 78
Reordering

Type 1b Tail Type 1b 25 66 3 66 25 4 Type 1a Type 1a Half rate convolutional code 378 456 bits from 20 ms of speech

Type II 78

Type II 78

Diagonal Interleaving
456 bits from 20ms of speech 456 bits from 20ms of speech

57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57

57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57

57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 Traffic channel (TCH) bursts carry two 57 bit blocks (114) Each 120 ms of speech = 456*6 = 2736 bits 2736/114 = 24 bursts i.3. 24 frames Multiframe has 26 frames in 120ms. There are 2 spare frames .. 1 SACCH, 1 Idle

Convolutional Coding and Interleaving

Bits to be Tx ed: HELLO Convolutionally encoded: HHEELLLLOO Interleaved: EE HH LL LL OO Bits Rx ed: EE HH LL LL OO De-Interleaved: HHEELLLLOO Viterbi Decoded: HELLO

Speech Coding Process

456 bits 20 ms Speech Coder 260 bits 13 kbps 50 1a 132 1b 78 II Transceiver (BTS) 13 kbps 260 bits

Transcoder Handler

16 kbps 260 + 60 = 320 bits TRAU frame Abis

Channel Coder 456 bits 22.8 kbps

TRAU frame
260 bits info + 60 TRAU bits = 320 bits/20ms = TRAU frame 60 bits contain frame Information data which indicates speech, data, O&M, full rate/half rate 60 bits = 35 synchronization + 21 control + 4 timing

Midamble Bit Training Tail Bits Bits Control or Control Bit Tail Bits
3 57
Data

26
Midamble

57
Data

8.25 Guard Period

8 midamble patterns (Colour codes) of 26 bits (BSIC) RACH and SCH have longer 41 and 64 bit Midambles Equalizer estimates channel impulse response from midamble Mathematically construct inverse filter Uses inverse to decode bits

Downlink and Uplink

Uplink lags downlink by 3 timeslots Uplink and downlink use same timeslot number Uplink and downlink use same channel number (ARFCN) Uplink and downlink use different bands (45 MHz apart for GSM 900)

Measurements made by MS and BTS

Uplink RXLEV (-48 to -110 dbm) Uplink RXQUAL (0-7) Uplink RXLEV (-48 to -110 dbm) Uplink RXQUAL (0-7)

0 3 5 7

RxQual < 0.2% 1 0.4 0.8 % 1.6 3.2 % 6.4 12.8 %

0.2 0.4 % 4 0.8 0.16 % 6 3.2 6.4 %

Mobile Power Control

Path Loss Power Command

Mobile is commanded to change its Transmit Power Change in Power is proportionate to the Path Loss Change in Power is done in steps of 2 dbs

Timing Advance
TDMA approach requires signals to arrive at BTS at the correct time A mobile at 30 km will be late by 100micro seconds Timing advance is in the range of 062 One unit is 550m So maximum cell size is 63*0.55 = ~35 kms

Concepts of Channels in GSM

A company vehicle is used for several purposes in a day Similarly in GSM, the timeslots are used for different purposes at different times

Frames and Multiframes

Control Channel Multiframe Traffic Channel Multiframe

50

25

4.615 ms

Frame Time Slot

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 Data 1 Midamble 1 Data 3 8.25 bits
156.25 bits 576.92 micro sec

GSM Operations
Location Update Mobile Originated Call Mobile Terminated Call Handover Security Procedures Cell Barring DTX Cell Broadcast Short Message Service Emergency calls Supplementary Services Roaming

Mobile Turn On
Mobile Searches for Broadcast Channels (BCH) Synchronizes Frequency and Timing Decodes BCH sub-channels (BCCH) Checks if Network Allowed by SIM Location Update Authentication

Location Area
Location Area 1 BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS

BSC

BSC MSC

Location Area 2

BTS BTS BTS

BSC

Location Area Identity

MCC MNC LAC

Location area is the area covered by one or more BTSs where a mobile can move freely without updating the system One Location area can be covered by one or more BSCs, but ony one MSC.

Importance of Location Area

Reduce Paging load Resource Planning
Smaller Location Areas Location update increases Larger Location Areas Paging load increases

What is Location Update?

MSC should know the location of the Mobile for paging Mobile is continuously changing location area Mobile when changes Location Area informs the MSC about its new LA Process of informing MSC about new Location area is Location Update

Types of Location Updates

1. Normal Location Update 2. IMSI Attach 3. Periodic Location Update
Hi, I am in Location area xxx

IMSI Attach
Mobile turns off and sends an IMSI Detach to MSC Mobile turns on again and compares LAI If same, sends an IMSI attach to MSC

Is the received LAI same as before

Normal Location Update

Mobile Turns on Power Reads the new LAI If different, does a Location Update

Is the received LAI same as before

Periodic Location Update

The periodic location Update time is set from OMC/MSC After the periodic location update timer expires, the mobile has to do a location update

What happens at Location Update?

Mobile changes location area Reads the new Location Area from BCCH Sends a RACH (request for channel) Gets a SDCCH after AGCH Sends its IMSI and new and old LAI in a Location Update request to MSC on SDCCH

What happens at location update cont..

.. . . MSC starts Authentication If successful, Updates the new Location area for the Mobile in the VLR Sends a confirmation to the Mobile Mobile leaves SDCCH, and comes to idle mode

Mobile Originated Call

Channel Request Immediate Assign Service Request Authentication Ciphering Set Up Call Proceeding Assignment Alerting Connection

Mobile Terminated Call

Paging Channel Request Immediate Assign Paging Response Authentication Ciphering Set Up Call Confirmed Assignment Alerting Connection

Security Features
Authentication Process to verify Authenticity of SIM Mobile is asked to perform an operation using identity unique to Ciphering SIM Process of coding speech for secrecy The speech bits are EXORed with bit stream unique to MS

Security Features (TMSI Reallocation)

Location Update TMSI Allocation Call Setup TMSI Reallocation GSM Infrastructure

Mobile

TMSI- Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

Security Features (Identity Check)

Identity Check

Sends IMEI EIR White listed /Grey Listed/ Black Listed mobiles

Handover

Cell 1

Cell 2

Handover is a GSM feature by which the control/communication of a Mobile is transferred from one cell to another if certain criterias are met. It is a network initiated process.

Criteria for Handover

Receive Quality (RXQUAL) on uplink and downlink Receive Signal Strength (RXLEV) on uplink and downlink Distance (Timing Advance) Interference Level Power Budget

Handover Decision
BSC process the measurements reported by Mobile and the BTS

BTS BTS BTS

BTS BTS BTS

Mobile has measurements of six neighbors

Handover Decision (cont..)

BSS performs averaging function on these measurements every SACCH frame (480ms) Handover Decision algorithm is activated after a set number of SACCH frame periods by comparison against thresholds

Types of Handovers
INTRA-CELL HANDOVERS INTER-CELL HANDOVERS INTRA-BSC HANDOVERS INTER-BSC HANDOVERS INTER-MSC HANDOVERS

INTRAINTRA-CELL HANDOVER
C1 C0

Handover between timeslots of same frequency Handover between different frequencies of the same cell (to reduce interference) MSC is not aware about this

InterInter-cell Handover
BTS

Cell 1

Cell 2

Handover between cells of the same BTS

InterInter-cell Handover (cont..)

MSC is told about HO BTS -> BSC -> MSC Why MSC is informed?
In case of change of LA, MSC may need LAC for paging. As MS is busy, a link already exists. So, MSC can send a tone in case of call waiting, and does not need to page again. This is needed also for billing and call tracing

INTRAINTRA-BSC Handover
BTS MSC BSC BTS
This HO takes place if the cell to which handover is to be done belongs to the same BSC

Inter BSC Handover

BSC MSC BSC BTS BTS

The MSC is completely involved in this Handover

Inter MSC Handover

MSC
GMSC/ PSTN/ Backbone

BSC

BTS

MSC

BSC

BTS

In this case the handover takes place through the interconnecting element which can be GMSC or PSTN or private Backbone between the MSCs

Cell Barring
BTS
Cell Barring is a GSM feature by which certain mobiles could be barred access to certain cells Cell barring is activated/deactivated at BTS level Cell barring is done for mobile categories and priorities

Cell Barring
Every mobile has an access class The access class is stored in the SIM
Classes 0-9 are termed normal calsses Classes 11-15 are emergency classes

Every cell has a set parameter which defines which access classes are barred for the particular cell. This parameter is broadcasted on the BCCH

What is DTX?
DTX (Discontinous Transmission) Each direction of Transmission is only 50% Transmitter is switched ON for useful information frames Need for DTX To increase battery life To reduce the average interference level DTX is done by DTX handlers which have the following functions.

VAD (Voice Activity Detector)

Senses for speech in 20ms blocks Removes stationary noise VAD is an energy detector Compares Energy of filtered speech threshold It determines which 20ms blocks contain speech and it only forwards those frames

Evaluation of Background Noise

Background noise is always present with speech DTX cuts off this noise with speech Gives an uncomfortable feeling to the listener VAD takes care of this by inserting comfort noise at the receiving end when speech discontinues.

Emergency Calls
GSM specs define 112 as an emergency number 112 is accessible with or without SIM Without SIM it is sent on the best channel Mobile on sensing 112 sets the establishment cause to emergency call in the RACH Routing of this call be done to a

Cell (Re)selection
Cell reselection is done using C1 path loss criterion. The purpose is to ensure that the MS is camped on to the cell with the best transmission quality. The MS will camp on to the cell with the highest C1 value if C1 > 0.

The following parameters are used to calculate the C1 criterion The received signal at the MS side. Rxlev_access_min - broadcast on the BCCH - The minimum received level at the MS required for access to the network. Ms_txpwr_max_cch the maximum power that an MS may use when initially accessing the network. The maximum power of the MS

C1 = A - Max(B,0)
A = Received level Average Rxlev_access_min. B = MS_txpwr_max_cch - maximum output power of the MS

Cell Reselect Hysteresis

Cell reselection on the border of two location areas result in a location update. When an MS moves on the border of two location areas lots of location updates take place. To avoid these location updates, the reselect hysteresis is introduced. A location update is performed only if: The C1 value of the new location area is higher than the C1 value in the current location area and The received signal strengths have at least a difference of the reselect hysteresis.

Cellular concept

Why to use the cellular concept ?

Solves the problem of Spectral congestion and user capacity by means of frequency reuse. Offers high capacity in a limited spectrum allocation. Offers system level approach, using low power transmitters instead of a single, high power transmitter (large cell) to cover larger area.

A portion of the total channels available is allocated to each base station. Neighboring base stations are assigned different groups channels, in order to minimize interference.

Cell shape

1-Omni-directional cell-site (Omnidirectional antenna). 2-Rhombus-shaped sectors (Directive antenna). 3-Hexagonal shaped sectors (Directive antenna).

Cell size
Large cell : (up to 70km in diameter)
It exists where : 1-Radio waves are unobstructed. 2-Transmission power can cover the area. 3-low subscriber density.

Small cell : (up to 2km in diameter)

It exists where : 1-Radio waves are obstructed. 2-Low transmission power to decrease interference. 3-High subscriber density.

Types of cells
1-Macro-cells cells. 3-Pico-cells. cells. 2-Micro4-Umbrella-

What is a cluster ?
A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster. It is the unit of design.

Cluster size
Definition : It is The number of
cells per cluster

N = i^2 + ij + j^2 Where :

i = 0, 1, 2.& j = 0,1,2. etc. N = 1 , 3 , 4 ,7, 9 , 12 ,

Types of clusters
1-N=7 omni frequency plan (2directional). 2-N=7 trapezoidal frequency plan (1-directional). 3-N=9 omni frequency plan. 4-Tricellular plans a) N=3 tricellular plan (3/9). b) N=4 tricellular plan (4/12).

Channel assignment strategies

 Considerations :
1) Max. capacity. 2) Min interference. 3) Perfect handover.

 Types of assignment strategies :

    1) Fixed : Each cell has permanent predetermined set of voice channels. New calls served by unused channels of this cell. Borrowing strategy if all channels are occupied. High probabiltity that call is Blocked if channels are occupied.( disadv.)

2) Dynamic :  Channels are not allocated to different cells permanently.  Each new call BTS requests new channel from MSC.  MSC allocate a channel, by using an algorithm that takes into account: 1- Frequency is not already in use. 2- Min. reuse distance to avoid cochannel interference.

Adv. of dynamic assignment strategy :

1) Increase channel utilization ( Increase trunking efficiency ). 2) Decrease probability of a blocked call.

Frequency reuse Concept

Reuse cluster

CoCo-channel Reuse ratio (Q) :

 R : cell radius.  D : reuse distance.

 Q = D/R. =
sqrt(3N). Where : N : cluster size

Handover

Definition : procedure that allows MS to change the cell or time-slot to keep as good link as possible during all the call.

Types of handover
 IntraCell : bet. 2 channels of same cell.  InterCell : bet. 2 channels of 2 different cell & same BTS.  InterBTS (intra BSC) : 2 cells of different BTS Same BSC.  InterBSC : bet. 2 cells of different BSCs & same MSC.

Measurements before handover

1- Measurements from MS to BSC :
a) Strength of BTS signal. b) Quality of BTS signal. c) Signal strength of 6 neighbor BTSs. 2-Measurements from BTS to BSC : a) Strength of MS signal. b) Quality of MS signal. c) Distance between serving BTS & MS.

Different causes of Different causes of handover Handover

Emergency HO Better cell HO

Level

Quality

PBGT Interference Traffic causes

Distance

Basic handover algorithms

a)Min. acceptable performance algorithm: MS power is increased when quality deceases till handover is the only way. b) Power budget algorithm: Prefer direct handover when quality deceases without increasing MS power first .

Handover priority
1) UL quality cause (or interference). 2) DL quality cause (or interference). 3) UL level cause. 4) DL level cause. 5) Distance cause. 6) Better cell cause.

Interference

Sources of interference include:

1) Another mobile in the same cell. 2) A call in progress in the neighboring cell. 3) Other BTSs operating in the same frequency band.

Interference effects :
In voice channel causes crosstalk In control channels it leads missed and blocked calls due to errors in the digital signaling.

Main types of interference :

1) Co-channel interference. 2) Adjacent channel interference.

1) Co-channel interference Co Source : Near cell using same frequency. It is a function of reuse distance(D/R). General rule : io = No. of co-channel interfering cells. S = Signal power from a desired BS. Ii = interference power caused by the ith interfering co-channel cell BS.

 Another form : C/I = 10 log {(1/n)(D/R)*m} Where : m = propagation constant (deps on nature of environment) n = number of co-channel interferers. Can be minimized by : Choosing minimum reuse distance = (2.5.3)(2R).

2) Adjacent channel interference

Source : A cell using a frequency adjacent to the one in another cell due to imperfect recievers filter.

 General rule : ACI= -10 Log[(d1/d2)*m] Adj ch isolation. Where : d1: distance between MS & proper BTs d2: dist. Bet MS & adj BTS causing interference. Adj ch isolation = Filter isolation = - 26db.
Can be minimized by :

1-careful filtering 2-careful channel assignments 3-Directional antenna.

Traffic engineering theory

Why do we need to know traffic?

The amount of traffic during peak hours allows us to dimension our wireless system for a certain GOS.

GOS : probability of having a call blocked during busy hour (block rate).

Traffic intensity (E)

Erlang : A unit of traffic intensity measure. 1 Erlang = 1 circuit in use for 1 hour. T ( in Erlangs) = [No. of calls per hour*average call holding time(sec.)] / [3600]

Typical traffic profile

Traffic tables
Erlang B Table Erlang C Table Poisson Table Blocked calls are not held Blocked calls are held in the queue indefinitely Blocked calls are held in the queue for a time = the mean holding time of a call

Erlang B table
P(N;T) = [ (T^N)*exp(-T) ] / N! N
2 4 10 20 40

GOS 1%
0.153 0.869 4.46 12.0 29.0

GOS 2%
0.223 1.093 5.084 13.182 30.997

Trunking
Sharing channel among several users. Trunking efficiency (nT) : Measures the number of subscribers that each channel in every cell can accommodate. nT = (traffic in Erlangs / no. of channels)*100.

Trunking efficiency in presence of one operator :

N = 7 , 312 one direction voice channels No. of channels / cell = 312 / 7 = 44 ch./cell. From Erlang-B table @GOS 2%,thiss equivalent to 35 Erlangs nT = 35 / 44 = 79.55.

Trunking efficiency in presence of two operators :

N = 7 , 312 / 2 = 156 one direction voice channel for each operator. No. of channels / cell = 156 / 7 = 22 ch./cell. From Erlang-B table @GOS 2%,thiss equivalent to 15 Erlangs. nT = 15 / 22 = 68.18.

System capacity

S : total duplex channels available for use

= k*N

Where:
N : cluster size. k : No. of channels / cell.

C : total No. of duplex channels in

system;

C = M*k*N. Where :
M : No. of times the cluster is repeated.

Improving system capacity

Cell splitting. Sectoring.

Cell splitting

Sectoring
We use directional antennas instead of being omnidirectional

What does sectoring mean?

 We can now assign frequency sets to sectors and decrease the re-use distance to fulfill :
1) More freq reuse. 2) Higher system capacity. 3) Improve S/I ratio ( better signal quality ).

 How S/I ratio is improved?

-e.g. In 120 degree sectoring theres only 2 interferers instead of 6 incase of omnidirectional N=7 cluster.

Directional frequency reuse

Here we use 7/21 pattern for frequency allocation.

Comparison between various types of clusters

N = 7 omni frequency plan :

 n = 6 , m = 4.  D / R = 4.583. 1) Co-channel interference ratio : C / I = 18.6 dB. 2) Adjacent channel interference : ACI = -26 dB @ d1= d2.

N = 7 trapezoidal frequency plan

 n = 2 , m = 4.  D / R = 6.245. 1) Co-channel interference ratio : C / I = 28.8. 2) Adjacent channel interference : disappears because the channels are assigned alternatively to the cells.

Trunking efficiency : 312 one direction voice channels N=7 312 / 7 = 44.57 ~ 44 ch./cell. From Erlang-B table @ GOS = 2% T = 35 E. nT = 35 / 44 = 79.55 %.

N = 9 omni frequency plan

 n = 4 , m = 4.  D / R = sqrt ( 3 * 9 ) = 5.2. 1) Co-channel interference : C / I = 22.6 dB. 2) Adjacent channel interference : ACI = -38 dB @ d2 = 2 (d1).

Trunking efficiency : 312 one direction voice channels N=9 312 / 9 = 34.67 ~ 34 ch./cell. From Erlang-B table @ GOS = 2% T = 25.529 E. nT = 25.529 / 34 = 75.085 %. Conclusion : nT 7 > nT 9 But C/I 7 > C/I 9 ACI 7 > ACI 9

4 / 12 cell pattern
 n = 1 , m = 4.  D / R = sqrt (3* 4) = 3.732. C / I = 22.87 dB.  Trunking efficiency : No. of channels/cell = 312 / 12 = 26 ch./cell. From Erlang-B table @ GOS = 2 %. T = 18.4 E/cell.

3 / 9 cell pattern
 n = 1 , m = 4.  D / R = sqrt (3* 3) = 3. C / I = 19.1 dB.  Trunking efficiency : No. of channels/cell =312 / 9 = 34 ch./cell. From Erlang-B table @ GOS = 2 %. T = 25.5 E/cell. nT = 25.5 / 24 = 75 %.

120 degree cell sectoring

 n = 2 , m = 4.  D / R = sqrt(3 * 7) = 4.583. Co-channel interference : C / I = 23.436 + 6dB(due to isolation) = 29.436 dB.

 Trunking efficiency :
No. of channels/cell = 312 / 21 = 14.857. From Erlang-B @ GOS=2% T= 8.2003. nT = 8.2003 / 14.857 =56.216%.

References : Motorola CP02 NOKIA SYSTRA

If any Query Contact 9903867731 shrawan.rai@adacellworks.com