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Paul D. Ronney Dept. of Aerospace & Mechanical Eng. University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453 USA 90089http://carambola.usc.edu
Outline
Why gasoline-fueled premixed-charge IC engines? gasolinepremixedHistory and evolution Things you need to understand about IC engines before ... Ideas for improvements Conclusions
Moral - hard to beat gasoline-fueled IC engine for gasoline Power/weight & power/volume of engine Energy/weight & energy/volume of liquid hydrocarbon fuel Distribution & handling convenience of liquids
University of Southern California - Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
1897 - Nonpremixed-charge engine - Diesel - higher efficiency due to Nonpremixed Higher compression ratio (no knock problem) No throttling loss - use fuel/air ratio to control power
Premixed vs. non-premixed charge engines nonSpark plug Flame front Fuel injector Fuel spray flame
Air only
1952 - A. J. Haagen-Smit Haagen NO + UHC + O2 + sunlight p NO2 + O3 (from exhaust) (brown) (irritating)
Majority of power is used to overcome air resistance - smaller, more aerodynamic vehicles beneficial
Hydrogen
+ Ultimate clean fuel + Excellent combustion properties + Ideal for fuel cells - Very low storage density (1/10 gasoline) - Need to manufacture - usually from electricity + H2O Attractive when we have unlimited cheap clean source of electricity and breakthrough in hydrogen storage technology
University of Southern California - Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
Electrostatic sprays
FUEL
CARBURETOR DIVERTER VALVE ADJUSTABLE FUEL CONTROL VALVE
AIR
EXHAUST
HEAT EXCHANGER CONVENTIONAL 4-STROKE ENGINE
Results
Substantially improved fuel economy (up to 16 %) compared to throttled engine at same power & RPM
1.2
Efficiency (best TPCE) / Efficiency (throttled)
1.15
1.1
1.05
1 0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Results
NOx performance
< 0.8 grams per kW-hr (10 x lower than throttled engine ) kW< 0.2 grams per mile for 15 hp road load @ 55 mi/hr - half of California 2001 standard
Ideas - improved lean-limit operation lean Recent experiments & modelling suggest lean-limit rough operation is leana chaotic process Feedback via exhaust gas residual Could optimize spark timing on a cycle-to-cycle basis cycle-to Need to infer state of gas & predict burn time for next cycle - need inincylinder sensors
Conclusions
IC engines are the worst form of vehicle propulsion, except for all the other forms Despite over 100 years of evolution, IC engines are far from optimized Any new idea must consider many factors, e.g.
Where significant gains can & cannot be made Cost Resistance of suppliers & consumers to change
Easiest near-term change: natural-gas vehicles for fleet & commuters nearnatural Longer-term solutions mostly require improved (cheaper) Longer Sensors (especially in-cylinder temperature, pressure) in Actuators (especially intake valves)
Thanks to ...
USC Dept. of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering Gas Research Institute South Coast Air Quality Management District and especially METRANS