CDMA Technologies for Cellular Phone System

Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction Spread Spectrum Technology DS-CDMA Spreading Codes Features of CDMA RAKE Receiver Power Control Frequency Allocation Soft Handoff 6. Conclusion
2

Introduction: Overview of Cellular systems

Evolution of Cellular Systems

3rd. Generation (2000s) 2nd. Generation (1990s) 1st.Generation (1980s)
Analog
NMT TACS AMPS CT0 CT1

Digital
GSM DCS1800 PDC IS-54 IS-95 IS-136 UP-PCS DECT CT2 PHS

IMT-2000 CDMA2000 W-CDMA

Major Operators of Cellular Phone Services in Japan

Frequency 2G 800 MHz (1.5GHz For Tu-Ka) 800 MHz 1.5GHz 3G 800MHz 2GHz

Operator

Remarks for 3G handset CDMA2000 1x CDMA2000 1x EV-DO backward compatibility with 2G (cdmaOne) W-CDMA single W-CDMA/PDC Dual

KDDI/au

NTT DoCoMo

2GHz

vodaphone

1.5 GHz

2GHz

W-CDMA single W-CDMA/GSM Dual

Japans Cellular Subscriber Growth Record

No. of Subscribers (Million)

100 80 60 40 20 0
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05/Nov. end December of Year
W-CDMA cdmaOne/CDMA2000 1x/EV-DO PDC Analog
6

end Nov 2005 89,679K W-CDMA 20,670K cdmaOne/ CDMA2000 1x/ EV-DO 21 222K PDC (TDMA) 47,787K

Requirements for 3G mobile systems

High Capacity Tolerance for interference Privacy Tolerance for fading Ability to various data rate transmission Flexible QoS

IMT-2000 systems approved by ITU-R

IMT-FT IMT-SC (Direct Sequence) (Multi Carrier) (Time Code) (Single Carrier) (Frequency Time) IMT-MC IMT-TC Popular name Access method W-CDMA CDMA2000 UTRA-TDD TD-CDMA TD-SCDMA CDMA-TDD CWTS ESTI T1 TTA UWC-136 DECT

IMT-DS

CDMA-FDD ARIB/TTC CWTS ESTI T1 TTA 3GPP(FDD

CDMA-FDD ARIB/TTC CWTS TIA TTA

TDMA-FDD

TDMA-TDD

Organization Partners

TIA

ESTI

Body of Technical Spec production

3GPP2

3GPP(TDD) CWTS

IS-136

DECT

Approved in 2000 as ITU-R M.1457

8

Duplex & Multiple Access Methods

Duplex Methods of Radio Links

Base Station

Forward link Reverse link

Mobile Station
10

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency is different In each link, signals are continuously transmitted in parallel.
Forward link (F1) Reverse link (F2) Base Station

Mobile Station

11

Time Division Duplex (TDD)

Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency is the same. In each link, signals are incontinuously transmitted by turns just like a ping-pong.
Forward link (F1) Reverse link (F1) Base Station

Mobile Station
12

Example of FDD systems

Mobile Station
Transmitter BPF F1 Receiver BPF F2

Base Station
BPF F2 BPF F1 Receiver Transmitter

BPF: Band Pass Filter

13

Example of TDD Systems

Mobile Station
Transmitter BPF Receiver F1

Base Station
Transmitter BPF F1 Receiver

Synchronous Switches

BPF: Band Pass Filter

14

Multiple Access Methods

Base Station

Forward link Reverse link Mobile Station

Mobile Station

Mobile Station

Mobile Station

15

FDMA Overview

f2 f1

f0

Time

16

TDMA Overview

A B C Time
C B A C B A C B A C B A

f0

17

What is CDMA ?
spread spectrum Base-band Spectrum Radio Spectrum

Code B

B
B

Code A

Code A

A C A C

B A

B A

B A

CB

C B

Sender

Time

Receiver
18

Summary of Multiple Access

FDMA
power

TDMA
power

CDMA
power

19

Spread Spectrum Technology

20

Spread Spectrum & Shannons Capacity Theorem Capacity = Bandwidth x log2 (1 + SNR). more bandwidth and the better the signal to noise ratio, the more bits per second you can push through a channel Capacity/Bandwidth = 1.44 x SNR. If we can find a way of encoding our data into a large signal bandwidth, then we can get error free transmission under conditions where the noise is much more powerful than the signal we are using.
21

How to spread spectrum...

Direct Sequence (DS)
Power Density

user data
TIME Modulation (primary modulation) Base-band Frequency Spreading (secondary modulation) data rate

spreading sequence (spreading code)

Power Density

10110100

Radio Frequency

Tx
22

EXOR Truth Table

INPUT A B

OUTPUT A XOR B

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0
23

Demodulating DS Signals (1/2)

If you know the correct spreading sequence (code) ,
Power Density

received signal
TIME
10110100 01001011 10110100

Radio Frequency gathering energy !

spreading sequence (spreading code)

10110100 10110100 10110100

Accumulate for one bit duration

0+0=0 1+0=1 0+1=1 1+1=0

00000000 11111111 00000000

Demodulated data
Base-band Frequency 0 1 0

24

Demodulating DS Signals (2/2)

If you dont know the correct spreading sequence (code)
Power Density

received signal
TIME
10110100 01001011 10110100

Radio Frequency

spreading sequence (spreading code) 1010101010101010 10101010

Accumulate for one bit duration

10110100 10110100 10110100

No data can be detected Demodulated data

Base-band Frequency 25 -

Feature of SS
Privacy, Security
Power density of SS-signals would be lower than the noise density.
Power Density Power Density Power Density Noise Radio Frequency Radio Frequency Base-band Frequency

transmitted SS-signal

received signal

demodulator

With correct code (and carrier frequency), data can be detected.

Noise

With incorrect code (or carrier frequency), SS-signal itself cannot be detected.

Other system cannot recognize the existence of communication, because of signal behind the noise.

Power Density Base-band Frequency

26

DS-CDMA

27

DS-CDMA System Overview (Forward link)

CDMA is a multiple spread spectrum.

Freq.

Freq.

Freq.

Freq.

Data A

BPF

BPF

Despreader

Data A

Code A

MS-A

Code A

Freq.

Freq.

Freq.

Freq.

Data B

BPF

BPF

Despreader

Data B

Code B

MS-B

Code B

BS

Difference between each communication path is only the spreading code 28

DS-CDMA System Overview (Reverse Link)

CDMA is a multiple spread spectrum.

Freq.

Freq.

Freq.

Freq.

Data A

BPF

BPF

Despreader

Data A

MS-A

Code A

Code A

Freq.

Freq.

Freq.

Freq.

Data B

BPF

BPF

Despreader

Data B

BS

Difference between each communication path is only the spreading code 29

MS-B

Code B

Code B

Spreading Code

30

Cross-Correlation
Spreading Code A Spreading Code A

1 010 110 0 0 11 0 1 00 1

1 010 110 00 11 0 1 00 1

one data bit duration Spreading Code A

one data bit duration Spreading Code B

1 010 110 0 0 11 0 1 00 1

1 010 100 11 10 0 1 01 1

0 000 00 0 00 00 0 0 00 0 Self-Correlation for each code is 1.

0+0=0 1+0=1 0+1=1 1+1=0

0 000 01 0 11 01 0 0 01 0 Cross-Correlation between Code A and Code B = 6/16

31

Preferable Codes
In order to minimize mutual interference in DS-CDMA , the spreading codes with less cross-correlation should be chosen.

Synchronous DS-CDMA :
Orthogonal Codes are appropriate. (Walsh code etc.)

Asynchronous DS-CDMA :
Pseudo-random Noise (PN) codes / Maximum sequence Gold codes

32

33

Three types of codes used in CDMA- 1/2

WALSH Codes- Walsh codes (64 bit long) originate from orthogonal Walsh-Hadamard functions or orthogonal Walsh-Hadamard matrices. The Walsh codes offer an ideal orthogonal property if they are used in a synchronous channel (e.g. the forward link or downlink in an IS-95A system), such that autocorrelation of a code is one and cross-correlation between any two codes is zero. SHORT codes - In addition to the Walsh codes, the CDMA standard also uses a short PN code, or simply short code, which is a 16-bit short PN code used to identify the different BSs and thus the cells where the BSs are located
34

Three types of codes used in CDMA- 2/2

LONG PN CODES- The Long Codes are 242 bits long and run at 1.2288 Mb/s. It is used to both spread the signal and to encrypt it. A cyclically shifted version of the long code is generated by the cell phone during call setup. The shift is called the Long Code Mask and is unique to each phone call. CDMA networks have a security protocol called CAVE that requires a 64-bit authentication key, called A-key and the unique ESN . The network uses both of these to create a random number that is then used to create a mask for the long code used to encrypt and spread each phone call.. There is a Public long code and a Private long code. The Public long code is used by the mobile to communicate with the base during the call setup phase. The private long code is one generated for each call then abandoned after the call is completed
35

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued) Long Code

( GENERAT ED 1100011000 I N TAP - SUMMED SH I F T REG I S T ER )

+ =

Long Code State

(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

PERMUT ED ESN SUM

Public Long Code Mask (STATIC) User Long Code (@1.2288 MCPS) 0
one chip at a time

Modulo-2 Addition

Every Users Long Code is 242 chips long Generated at 1.2288 Mcps, it requires 41.4 days to complete Each phone has a world-unique User Long Code generated using its 32-bit ESN, an Operator-Definable 10-bit User Mask, and the current long code state expressed as a 42-bit binary number Users Long Codes are not exactly orthogonal but are sufficiently different to permit reliable decoding on the reverse link
36

37

CDMA Reverse Link

38

Offset-QPSK

39

OQPSK
Taking four values of the phase (two bits) at a time to construct a QPSK symbol can allow the phase of the signal to jump by as much as 180r at a time. When the signal is low-pass filtered (as is typical in a transmitter), these phase-shifts result in large amplitude fluctuations, an undesirable quality in communication systems. Delaying the odd-bit data stream by a one-halfbit interval with respect to the even bit produces OQPSK modulation. This offset reduces the range of phase transitions to 0rand 90r,
40

QPSK Vs OQPSK

41

Synchronous DS-CDMA
Synchronous CDMA Systems realized in Point to Multi-point System. e.g., Forward Link (Base Station to Mobile Station) in Mobile Phone.

Forward Link
(Down Link) Synchronous Chip Timing

A A
Less Interference for A station

Signal for B Station (after de-spreading)

42

Asynchronous DS-CDMA

Reverse Link
(Up Link)
A
Big Interference from A station

Asynchronous Chip Timing

B
Signal for B Station (after re-spreading)

Signals from A and B are interfering each other.

In asynchronous CDMA system, orthogonal codes produce bad cross-correlation.

43

Features of CDMA

44

Mobile Propagation Environment Multi-path Fading

Power

path-1 path-2 path-3

Path Delay

multi-path propagation

path-2

path-1

path-3
Power

Base Station (BS) The peaks and bottoms of received power appear, in proportion to Doppler frequency.

Mobile Station (MS)

Time

45

Fading in non-CDMA System

Power

path-1 path-2 path-3

Path Delay

Detected Power

With low time-resolution, different signal paths cannot be discriminated. These signals sometimes strengthen, and sometimes cancel out each other, depending on their phase relation. This is fading. In this case, signal quality is damaged when signals cancel out each other. In other words, signal quality is dominated by the probability for detected power to be weaker than minimum required level.

Power

Required signal level Time

In non-CDMA system, fading damages signal quality.

46

Fading in CDMA System ...

Power

path-1 path-2 path-3

Path Delay

As the CDMA system has high time-resolution, different path delay of CDMA signals can be discriminated. Energy from all paths can be summed by adjusting their phases and path delays. This is a principle of RAKE receiver.
Power

path-1

interference produced by path-2 and path-3

CDMA Receiver CODE A with timing of path-1 CDMA Receiver

path-3
Power

Synchronization Adder

Path Delay

path-2 path-1

Power

path-2

Path Delay

CODE A with timing of path-2

47

Fading in CDMA System (continued)

In CDMA system, multi-path propagation improves the signal quality by adopting RAKE receiver.
path-3
Power

path-2
Power

path-1

Detected Power

RAKE receiver

Time

Detected power of CDMA signal will be less fluctuated by combining all energy
48

Near-Far Problem
P

Lp-a
DATA A

CDMA Transmitter CODE A

CDMA Receiver
Lp-b

Demodulated DATA

CODE A
DATA B

CDMA Transmitter CODE B

Desired Signal Power = P/Lp-a Interfered Signal Power = P/Lp-b/G G: processing gain When user B is close to the receiver and user A is far from the receiver, Lp-a could be much bigger than Lp-b. In this case, desired signal power is smaller than the interfered power.
49

Power Control...
As the propagation losses between BS and MSs are different according to individual communication distances, the received levels at the base station are different from each other when all mobile stations transmit their signals at the same power. Moreover, the received level fluctuates quickly due to fading. In order to maintain the strength of received signal level at BS, power control technique must be employed in CDMA systems.

Detected Power

from A from B
Time

50

Power Control (continued)

Open Loop Power Control Closed Loop Power Control

measuring received power estimating path loss

transmit

decide transmission power

power control command

about 1000 times per second

calculating transmission power

transmit

measuring received power

transmit

receive

51

Effect of Power Control

Effect of Power Control
Power control is capable of compensating the fading fluctuation. Received power from all MS are controlled to be equal. Near-Far problem is mitigated by the power control.

Detected Power

from MS B from MS A Time

52

Frequency Allocation (1/2)

In FDMA or TDMA, radio resource is allocated not to be interfered among neighbor cells. Neighbor cells cannot use the same (identical) frequency band (or time slot).
f3 f4 f5 f6 f2 f1 f7

The left figure shows the simple cell allocation with seven frequency sub-bands. In actual situation, it is difficult to allocate the frequency (or time slot) appropriately because of complicated radio propagation and irregular cell allocation.

cell : a cell means covered area by one base station.

53

Frequency Allocation (2/2)

In the CDMA system, identical radio resource can be allocated among all cells as explained in Introduction.

Frequency allocation in CDMA is not necessary. In this sense, CDMA cellular system is easy to be designed.

54

Soft Handover (1/2)

Handover :
Cellular system tracks mobile stations in order to maintain their communication links. When mobile station goes to neighbor cell, communication link switches from current cell to the neighbor cell.

Hard Handover :
In FDMA or TDMA cellular system, a new communication link is established after breaking the current communication link by hard handover. Communication between MS and BS instantaneously breaks by switching a frequency or a time slot.
switching

Cell B

Cell A

Hard handover: make connection (new cell B) after break (old cell A)
55

Soft Handover (2/2)

In CDMA cellular system, communication link keeps a connection even in the handover procedure. Because the system does not require the frequency or time slot switching.

BS A and BS B transmit the same signal to the MS simultaneously

Cell B

Cell A

Soft handover : break (old cell A) after make connection (new cell B)
56

Conclusion
CDMA is based on the spread spectrum technology which has been used in military field. CDMA cellular system has many advantages compared with the FDMA and TDMA cellular systems. CDMA system was adopted as the international standard for the 3rd generation mobile communications. The number of CDMA users will dramatically increase in the next five years all over the world.

57

Forward channel link structure

The forward channel includes : 1. Pilot channel- Walsh code 0 repeated every 26.66 msec 2. Sync channel Walsh code 32 3. Paging Channels Walsh codes 1-7 4. Rest of the codes are used as Traffic channels each trafffic channels carries a fundamental traffic channel information along with the concerned power control information.
58

Frequency Reuse and Large Capacity

59

Comparison between CDMA & GSM System (1) Cell Coverage - CDMA: varies with traffic load
No load: 3 GSM coverage 20 channels/sector: 2 GSM coverage

GSM: coverage not affected by traffic load Number of BTS CDMA=20% GSM 1000 km2 coverage: CDMA 45 BTS, GSM 200 BTS Capacity: CDMA=5 GSM=10 AMPS
60

Comparison between CDMA & GSM System (2)

Voice quality: vocoder CDMA 8K> GSM 13K, CDMA 13K approaches 64K PCM Handoff CDMA : soft handoff, GSM: hard handoff, more dropped calls Network Planning and Expansion CDMA : simple ( N=1), GSM: more complicated (N=4/7)
GSM 2 4 3 4 2 2 N 4 CDMA N 1

1
4 2

3 2

1
4

4 1 3

1
4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61

 Spread Spectrum
Ensures high transmission and voice quality, security Short PN, long PN and Wash codes are used for coding

Multiple Access
Code Division:Improve frequency reuse and guarantee large capacity Soft Handoff Seamless communication without call dropping High communication quality Power Control Ensure optimum power level with least interference to other channels, reducing Near and Far Effect and thus increasing capacity Low radiation and longer battery usage time Diversity Receiver (Rake Receiver) Achieve signal gain and avoid Multi-path Effect Voice Activation- Lower transmitting power and low speed
62

Spread Spectrum-Basis for CDMA Technology

Spread spectrum technique ,employ a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signal bandwidth.

Theoretic Basis: Shannons Law C=Blog2(1+S/N) C: Channel Capacity B: bandwidth S/N: signal to noise ratio Conclusion: When C is a fixed value, S/N is a reciprocal ratio of B
63

Spread Spectrum Principles

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Slow Information Sent
TX

Narrowband Signal

Slow Information Recovered

RX

Traditional radio communication systems

transmit data using the minimum bandwidth required to carry it as a narrowband signal, e.g. FDMA and TDMA systems.
64

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued) SHANON Formula C = Blog2(1+S/N)

Where, C is capacity of channel, b/s B is signal bandwidth, Hz S is average power for signal, W N is average power for noise, W It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum communications.
65

SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband Signal Slow Information Sent TX RX Slow Information Recovered

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

Direct-Sequence

Spread spectrum systems mix their input data with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal

The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data
66

Processing Gain For SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

Gp=10log (B/Bm)
Where, Gp is processing gain, dB, B is spreading signal bandwidth, Hz , Bm is original signal bandwith, Hz E.g., it is 21 dB for IS-95A CDMA system.

The de-spreading gives substantial gain proportional to the bandwidth of the spreadspectrum signal The gain can be used to increase system performance and range, or allow multiple coded users, or both
67

Basic Spreading & DeSpreading Example User Data Spread, Sent, Recovered
At Originating Site:
Input A: Users Data @ 19,200 bits/second Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.2288 Mcps Output: Spread spectrum signal via air interface
Input A: User Data

1
Input B: Spreading Code

XOR
Exclusive-OR

Gate

Spread Spectrum Signal

At Destination Site:

Input A: Received Signal

Input A: Received spread spectrum signal Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.2288 Mcps Output: Users Data @ 19,200 bits/second just as originally sent

Input B: Spreading Code

XOR
Exclusive-OR Gate

Output: User Original Data

1
68

Spread Spectrum
Antenna Antenna

Source Coding

Channel Coding SS

Carrier Modulation

Radio Channel

Carrier Demodulation

Channel Decoding

Source Decoding

Transmit
DS-PN

Receive
DS-PN

Source Decoding

Channel Decoding

Carrier Demodulation

Radio Channel

Carrier Modulation

Channel Coding SS

Source Coding

DS-PN

Receive

Transmit

DS-PN

B
69

Spread Spectrum (2)

S f Signal Signal
f0 S f

Signal Frequency Before SS

f0

Signal Frequency after SS

S f

S f

Noise Signal f Signal Frequency Before Decoding

f0

Signal Noise
f0

f Signal Frequency After Decoding

Signal

Pulse Noise

Other Noise
70

Spread Spectrum (3)- Spreading Codes

Spreading Code Rate: 1.2288Mc/s

Multi-path separation,(delay:1--100s) Delay<1 s , rate>1 MHZ Multiples of base band rate 9.6 kbps
Spreading Codes

Forward : Walsh code Reverse: Long PN Codes (242-1)

71

Spread Spectrum (4)

Advantages: Avoid interference arising from jamming signal or multi-path effects

SS and demodulation, noise is suppressed and filtered

Security: difficult to detect Privacy: Difficult to demodulate Multiple Access:

Improve Frequency Reuse Enlarge Capacity

72

CDMA Spreading Principle

ORIGINATING SITE
Spread Data Stream Input Data Recovered Data

DESTINATION

Spreading Sequence

Spreading Sequence

Any data bitstream can be combined with a spreading

sequence The resulting signal can be de-spreading and the data stream recovered if the original spreading sequence is available and properly timed After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intact
73

Multiple successive sequence are reversible

ORIGINATING SITE
X+A Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B

DESTINATION
X+A

Input Data

Recovered Data

X
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence

Multiple spreading sequences can be applied in succession

and then reapplied in opposite order, to recover the original data stream - the spreading sequences can have

different desired properties

All spreading sequences originally used must be available in proper synchronization at the recovering destination
74

Code Division Multiple Access (1)

Orthogonal Walsh function Forward link: Spreading and building of coded channels Reverse link: orthogonal modulation of MS signal Long PN Code ( cycle length: 242 1) Forward link: identification of MS Reverse link: Spreading and user MS identification Short PN Code (cycle length: 215-1) Forward and Reverse link: both for orthogonal QPSK modulation, with different phase for different BS and identical phase for different MS (0 offset)

75

Code Division Multiple Access (2)

Forward Link
Pilot: continuous transmission, for synchronization and handoff, no message Synchronization : for the mobile to capture initial timing or synchronization when initializing Paging Channel: for the transmission of system message and paging message, registration and traffic channel assignment Forward Traffic Channel: transmission of voice, data and related signalling

Reverse Link
Access : used for initiating communication with BS 76 and responding to paging message ( 1 Paging

Code Division Multiple Access (3)

Forward CDMA Channels

Pilot

Sync.

Paging

Paging

Traffic

Traffic Traffic

W0 W32 W1

W7

W8

W62 W63
User traffic MS power control Sub-channel

Reverse CDMA Channels

Access

Access

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

77

CDMA Spreading Code Walsh Code

0 0 0 0 64Sequences, Hn Hn 0 0 0 1 0 1 each 64 chips ___ H2n = 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 Hn Hn long 0 1 1 0 Each Walsh Code is precisely Orthogonal with respect to all other Walsh Codes Unique Properties:
WALSH CODES
# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011 0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001 0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101 0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000 0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

Mutual Orthogonality
EXAMPLE: Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59
#23 #59 Sum 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

Correlation Results: 32 1, 32 0: Orthogonal!!

78

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued) Long Code

( GENERAT ED 1100011000 I N TAP - SUMMED SH I F T REG I S T ER ) Long Code State
(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

+ =

PERMUT ED ESN SUM

Public Long Code Mask (STATIC) User Long Code (@1.2288 MCPS) 0
one chip at a time

Modulo-2 Addition

Every Users Long Code is 242 chips long Generated at 1.2288 Mcps, it requires 41.4 days to complete Each phone has a world-unique User Long Code generated using its 32-bit ESN, an Operator-Definable 10-bit User Mask, and the current long code state expressed as a 42-bit binary number Users Long Codes are not exactly orthogonal but are sufficiently different to permit reliable decoding on the reverse link
79

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued)

Short Code
The PN Sequence is 32,768(215) chips long
32,768 chips long 26.666 ms. (75 repetitions in 2 sec.)

a two-dimensional binary sector with distinct I and Q component sequences, each 32,768 chips long
The PN Sequence (and any

I Q Unique Properties:
Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ 0 Offset
I Q I Q Total Correlation: All bits = 0

sequence) correlates with itself perfectly if compared at a timing offset of 0 chips The Short PN Sequence is special: Orthogonal compared with itself using any possible timing offset other than 0

Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ Any Offset

I Q I Q Orthogonal: 16,384 1 + 16,384 0

80

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued) Summary of Characteristics & Functions

Type of Sequence HowMany Length
Special Properties

Forward Link Function

User identity within logic channel

Reverse Link Function

Walsh Code

64

64 chips 1/19,200 sec.

Mutually Orthogonal

Modulation

Short Code

32,768 chips 26-2/3 mS 75x in 2 sec.

Orthogonal with itself at any time shift value

Distinguish Cells & Sectors

Quadrature Spreading (Zero offset)

Long Code

242 chips ~40 days

near-orthogonal if shifted

Data Scrambling to distinguish users

Distinguish users, allow recovery

 Each CDMA spreading sequence is used for a specific purpose on the forward link and a different purpose on the reverse link  The sequences are used to form code channels for users in both directions

Cell

81

Forward CDMA channel modulation process

User data from Convolutional Encoder and 19.2kbps BS in 9600bps 4800bps 2400bps Repetition interleaver 1200bps r=1/2,K=9 Data scrambling
MUX
Power contrl bit

Walsh code

4 Long code for user Long code generator

I
Base band Filter

Q
Base band Filter

Decimator 1.2288Mcps

Decimator 800Hz

I-channel Pilot PN Sequence Q- channel Pilot PN Sequence

82

Reverse IS-95 channel modulation for a single user

Long Code Mask for user Long Code Generator

I Q :Zero-offset Pilot Sequence

PN chip 1.2288Mcps

Information Conver 64-ary Bit lutional Block OrthoCode Code 9600bps Encoder and Intergonal Walsh Symbol leaver Symbol 4800bps Repetition Modulator chip 28.8kbps 2400bps r=1/3 K=9 307.2 1200bps kcps

Data Burst Randomizer

PN chip

I-channel
Baseband Filter

I(t) Q(t)
Baseband Filter

Q-channel
83

1/2 PN chip Delay=406.9ns

What is mask ?
Access channel long code mask: 41 33 32 28 27 25 24 110001111 ACN PCN BASE_ID 9 8 PILOT_PN 0

ACN:number of access channel;PCN:number of paging ch BASE_ID, PILOT_PN. Public long code mask: 41 1100011000 32 31 Permuted ESN
84

Different approaches to bandwidth problem

FDMA TDMA

CDMA

85

Coding Process on CDMA Forward Channels

Pilot Paging Walsh 0 Walsh 1 Walsh 6 Walsh 11 Walsh 19 Walsh 20 Sync Walsh 32 Walsh 37 Walsh 41 Walsh 42 Walsh 55 Walsh 55 Walsh 60 BTS PN OFFSET 511 x BTS PN OFFSET 116 BTS

7
ANALOG SUM BTS

PN OFFSET 372 PN 372 x PN OFFSET 226 x WALSH 19

Each user is assigned one of the 64 Walsh Codes and their traffic is mixed with the Walsh code to establish a dedicated code channel

Each Users Long code is applied incidentally for data scrambling

All user code signals are then analog-summed to produce one composite waveform The composite waveform is the combined with the PN sequence using 86 a specific offset to uniquely identify this cell sector

Functions of the CDMA Forward channels

Pilot Paging Walsh 0 Walsh 1 Walsh 6 Walsh 11 Walsh 19 Walsh 20 Sync Walsh 32 Walsh 37 Walsh 41 Walsh 42 Walsh 55 Walsh 55 Walsh 60

PILOT: WALSH CODE 0

The Pilot is a structural beacon which does not contain a character stream. It is a timing source used in system acquisition and as a measurement device during handoffs
SYNC: WALSH CODE 32

This carries a data stream of system identification and parameter information used by mobiles during system acquisition
PAGING: WALSH CODES 1 up to 7

There can be from one to seven paging channels 87 as

Analog Summing for Multiple Access

Input Bits #1 #2 Spreading Analog Summing Power Output Bits De-Spreading Integration #1 #2
X

A+ 0 User A Walsh 0 User B Walsh 1 User C Walsh 2 User D Walsh 3 B+1 C+2 D+3

User A User B

Walsh 0
X

Walsh 1
X

User C

In CDMA, this is the air

interface

Walsh 2
X

User D

Walsh 3

This simplified demonstration shows analog summing using only four

abbreviated Walsh codes, each 4 bits long. Four users are talking. Each user signal is XORed with their assigned Walsh code, and the results are analog-summed and sent over a single medium, much like in CDMA. At the other end, the Walsh codes are applied to recover each user 88 data.

Coding Process on CDMA Reverse Channels

User Long Code
BTS

BSC MSC

Each mobile is uniquely identified by an offset of the User Long Code, which it generates internally All mobiles transmit simultaneously on the same 1.25-MHz wide frequency band Any nearby BTS can dedicate a channel element to the mobile and successfully extract its signal Mobiles also use the other CDMA spreading sequences, but not for channel-identifying purposes Short PN Sequence is used to achieve phase modulation Walsh Codes are used as symbols to give ultra-reliable communications recovery at the BTS
89

Functions of the CDMA Reverse channels

ACCESS: It is used by mobiles not yet in a call to transmit registration requests, call setup requests, page responses, order responses, and other signalling information

BTS

911

an access channel is defined by a special public long code mask Access channels are paired with Paging Channels. There can be up to 32 access channels per paging channel
TRAFFIC:It is used by individual users during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS

REG

a traffic channel is defined by a

90

Technical Advantages of CDMA Technology

For the Telecom Service Provider
High Efficiency of Frequency Utilization Large Capacity Network Simple Frequency Planning Compatible with Analog Mobile Network Smooth migration to 3G

For the Subscriber

Crystal-clear Voice Quality Good Anti-jamming Inter system soft handoff reduces call dropping Low radiation and Long Standby time (long battery duration) Reliable Security
91

Development of CDMA Technology

CDMA One : core technology IS95 : IS 95A: only 1 spreading code for 1 traffic channel, 14.4 Kbps
1980, First field test by Qualcomm 1990, first version of CDMA UM interface standard by Qualcomm 1995, N-CDMA standard IS-95A by TIA

IS 95B : max. 8 codes for 1 traffic channel (one user for high-speed packet data service
enhanced Air interface, hardware compatible with IS-95A 92 64 kbps dual way data service ,

Contents Overview of Mobile Communications Technical Features of CDMA Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation Communications System)

93

Dynamics of 3G
Background Higher demand of QoS
Seamless internal roaming, wideband, flexible Large capacity, frequency resource usage

IMT-2000 Naming
commercial use expected in 2002
First phase frequency band around 2 G HZ.

Requirements
QoS: voice/coverage, transmission/delay(BER<10 -3 for voice/video, BER<10 6 for data; delay is variable with multi-media data services) New services and capabilities: wideband service(mobile laptop, medical applications, real-time map), flexible band allocation(low rate paging messagehigh rate video transmission, low delay requirement for voice while absolute integrity for document) Development and evolution: step by step evolution, investment 94 protection

Dynamics of 3G

UIM

MT

RAN

CN

Other CN of IMT-2000 family

UIM: user identity module MT: mobile terminal RAN: radio access network CN: core network

95

Dynamics of 3G
RTT: Radio Transmission Technology

Proposed standards: 10 (FDD: 8 , TDD 5) No. RTT Proposed Duplex Proposer

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. 2. 3. J: W CDMA ETSI UTRA - UMTS WIMS W - CDMA WCDMA/NA Global CDMA II TD - SCDMA CDMA 2000 Global CDMA I UWC - 136 FDD, TDD FDD, TDD FDD FDD FDD TDD FDD, TDD FDD FDD Japan: ARIB Europe: ETSI US: TIA US: TIPI SK: TTA China: CATT US: TIA SK: TTA US: TIA

10 DP DECT TDD Europe: ETSI 1 5 : similar to WCDMA, harmonization forms 3GPP WCDMA 7 8 similar to CDMA 2000, harmonization forms 3GPP2 CDMA 2000 9 : UWC 136, based on IS 136 TDMA (D-AMPS) 96

Dynamics of 3G
Wireless Access Network
Various standards: W-CDMA FDD, W-CDMA TDD(TDSCDMA), CDMA-2000 Multi-carrier, UWC-136 TDMA
Widely accepted standards:

CDMA 2000 W-CDMA UWC-136

Core Network
ANSI TIA/EIA-41 MAP GSM MAP
97

Comparison Between W-CDMA & CDMA 2000

Item Min. Band Width SS technique Code chip rate Sync. Between BS Frame length Voice Coding Power Control Rate

W-CDMA

CDMA-2000

Single Carrier DS 4.096Mcps reduced to 3.84Mc Async, Sync. Can be selected 10ms Fixed rate 1600Hz

Multi-carrier Or DS Nv1.2288Mcps Sync. (GPS) 20ms Variable rate 800Hz

98

Dynamics of 3 G
Wireless Access Standards Development from 2 G to 3 2.5 G 3G G

GSM
GSM-----GRPS and EDGE (up to 384 kbps)---WCDMA (5 MHZ)

CDMA
IS 95A/B(14.4-64 kbps) cdma2000-1X (144 kbps) cdma2000-3X

cdma2000-1X-EV TDMA (TIA-EIA-136)

IS136 IS-136+(TIA/EIA 136-A/B)
99

Dynamics of 3 G
Consolidation of complicated task ITU IMT-2000 Very

Technical difference:
SS, code chip rate, Sync. Mode, Pilot, core network(GSM-MAP and IS-41) Conflict of interest of various parties involved current market status of mobile communications, IPR, interest of service provider and manufacturers 3GPP 1998-12 Initiated by ETSI and joined by ARIB TCC TI TTA 100 CN: GSM-MAP, RAN: UTRA

Typical IS95A Network Structure of ZTE

Abis HLR/AUC

Um Abis

BSC

IS41D/E

A-ISO2 .x Abis
BSC MS

MSC/ VLR

PSTN/PLMN

Abis
BSC

101

Evolution from 2G System to 3G System

cdma2000-3x

IS-95A IS-95B

cdma2000-1x

1X-EV

HDR

102

CDMA Network Evolution of ZTE

IS95A Transition methods Cdma 2000 1X

Adopts IOS4.0 for A Interface

Data service rate Smooth evolution to 3G

144K 2M MSS evolves from current Circuit Switching mode to full IP mode

103

CDMA2000-1X Network Structure

HLR/AUC Abis E1 MSC/ VLR
2G BSC

PSTN/PLMN

Um IS95

2G BTS

Abis 2G BTS Um IS2000

2G/3G MS

BSM

ATM Abis
E1 STM-1 3G BTS (1X) or 2G BTS+upgrade 2G BSC+upgrade or 3G BSC/ PCF (1X)

Internet

Ethernet router router

Abis
E1 2G BSC+upgrade or STM-1 3G BSC/ PCF (1X) 3G BTS (1X) or 2G BTS+upgrade

PDSN

Ethernet

AAA server

HA

104

The end !

105